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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who is considered the Father of psychotherapy?
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1936) All other theories of counseling will refer back to this one. All developed in addition to or reaction to Freud.
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What was the environment that Freud grew up in?
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Victorian times, very repressive.
From a poor family Jewish heritage restricted career, became MD First born child. Authoritarian father. Had childhood hostility for father and sexual feelings for mom |
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How did Freud's own experiences of psychological problems and their resolution contribute to his theory of the dynamics of personality development?
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In early 40s had exaggerated fears of dying, phobias and psychosomatic disorders.
Through exporing his dreams he gained insight into dynamics of personality development. He experienced the oedipal situation complex |
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How did Freud die
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cancer of the jaw or perhaps the 33 operations he underwent to cure it.
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How did Freud form his theory?
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by observing his patients work through their own problems in analysis.
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How did Freud deal with colleges who disagreed with his theory or ideas
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He was very controlling and expelled them
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What is part of Freuds theory that is still a central goal in any theory of counseling today?
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The idea of consciousness raising, or making conscious that which is unconscious, (increasing one’s self-awareness).
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What is Freud's View of human nature?
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Deterministic – behaviour is determined by our past:
Irrational forces and unconscious motivations driven by biological & instinctual drives, these evolve through key psychosexual stages during the first 6 years of life Peoples actions motivated by sexual and aggressive drives |
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Describe Libido according to Freud
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Libido is a source of motivation including sexual energy but also all pleasurable acts
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According to Freud what is the goal of life?
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to gain pleasure and avoid pain
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What is one of the strengths of the psychoanalyst
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the theory of personality
Three systems that function as a whole Humans are energy systems Amount of energy is limited one system gains energy at expense of other systems |
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According to Freud what are the 3 parts of the personality?
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THE ID = The Demanding Child biological
→Ruled by the pleasure principle, strives to reduce tension, avoid pain and gainpleasure THE EGO = The Traffic Cop psychological →Ruled by the reality principle has contact with world. Sense of self and who we are Mediates between desires of the id and the superego Ego can be overwhelmed by anxiety, trigger infantile conflicts from id. THE SUPEREGO = The Judge (social ) →Ruled by the moral principle strives for perfection not pleasure, ideal, idealistic internalization of traditional ideals of society, and parents reward is feeling of pride and self love, punished by feelings of guilt and inferiority.=self- conscious |
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Is there any evidence for the existence of the unconscious?
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• Clinical evidence for the unconscious is indirect:
→Dreams; Slips of the tongue; Posthypnotic suggestions; Material derived from free-association; Material derived from projective tests (inkblot test, thematic apperception-ambiguous photo-tell a story, house tree person drawing) Symbolic content of psychotic sympto |
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How does Freud see the unconscious?
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Unconscious only inferred from behavior
Consciousness only small part of whole mind Only when aware of unconscious do you have the choice of growth or change Aim of therapy- make unconscious motives conscious Most psychological functioning is is unconscious realm |
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What is the concept of anxiety in psychoanalysis?
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A state of tension that motivates us to do something in response to an impending threat to the self
Develops out of a conflict among id, ego, & superego over control of available psychic energy |
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Describe the 3 types of anxiety according to psychoanalysis
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Three types-reality, neurotic and moral
Reality anxiety –fear of danger from external worldlevel of anxiety proportionate to degree of real threat Neurotic anxiety-fear that instincts will cause you to do something for which you will be punished Moral anxiety- fear of own conscience • Both moral and neurotic anxiety in response to threats to the balance of power within a person. Signal ego that it may lose power if no action taken. |
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What is Ego-defense behavior?
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Freud
what the ego resorts to if it can’t control anxiety through rational and direct means. Behaviours that operate on an unconscious level Defensive behaviours can have adaptive value; they only become pathological if they are used too frequently or intensely as a way avoiding reality |
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list 11 ego defense mechanisms
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Repression
Denial reaction formation projection displacement rationalization Sublimation Regression Introjection indentification Compensation |
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Define Repression
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basis of many other ego defenses and neurotic disorders. Threatening or painful thoughts and feelings excluded from awareness especially from the first 5 or 6 years of life.
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Define denial
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preconscious and conscious. Denial of reality, distorting what the individual thinks, feels or perceives in a traumatic situation (head in the sand)
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Define reaction formation
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actively express the opposite impulse than actually desire so don’t have to recognize these unwanted dimension of self. Ie. Conceal hate with a façade of love.
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Define projection
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pinning ones own unacceptable desires and impulses to others. Ie. They are so mean but not me.
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Define displacement
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shift impulses from threatening object to a safer target. Ie. Man angry at boss get angry at children instead.
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Define rationalization
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manufacture of good reasons to expain a bruised ego. Soften disappointments Ie. I didn’t want that job anyways
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Define sublimation
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diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels that are socially acceptable. Ie. Aggressive impulses channeled into athletic activities.
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Define regression
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going back to earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands in face of severe stress or challenge. Ie thumb sucking etc.
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Define introjection
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swallowing the values and standards of others. Can be fine as long as they are critically accepted. Ie. Concentration camp prisoners accepting values of enemy
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Define identification
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inferior feeling prople may identify themselves with successful causes, organizations etc so they will be seen as worthwhile. Also part of developmental process for learning gender role behaviors but in this case a defensive reaction
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define compensation
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developing positive traits to make up for limitations. Can be useful or destructive
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What are the 5 psychosexual stages of Freud?
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Oral stage - first year
-major issues, mistrust and rejection Anal stage - 1-3yrs issues-personal power Phallic stage - 3-6 yrs issues-sexual attitudes latent stage - 7-puberty sexual impulses latent, socialisation genital stage- the rest sexual energies invested in life activites |
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Who was Erikson and what did he do?
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1963, a psychoanalyist.
1963- expanded on Freud;s theory to include 8 stages of psychosocial development said that individuals are faced with specific crises at different developmental stages of life which need to be resolved; our lives are a result of our ability to master these life tasks at each stage. Erikson basically shifted the focus to social factors over sexual drives, and emphasized the ego’s tendency to strive for mastery and competence over the life span. |
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What are Eriksons stages and the task with each stage?
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Infancy: Trust vs Mistrust
Early childhood: Autonomy vs shame and doubt Needs to explore and experiment, make mistakes and test limits. Preschool age: Initiative vs guilt Task is to achieve sense of competence and initiative School age: Industry vs inferiority Task is to achieve a sense on industry: the setting and attaining of personal goals Adolescence; Identity vs role confusion salient stage* friends so important to them. Time to test limits, breaking dependent ties, establishing new identity Young adulthood: Intimacy vs isolation-form intimate relationships. If not can be alienated and isolated Middle age; Generativity vs stagnation midlife crisis time** Become involved in helping the next generation Later life: Integrity vs despair Ego integrity results from few regrets in life. |
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What is the main goal of the Freudian Therapeutic process
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: make the unconscious conscious and strengthen the ego so behavior based on reality more than instinct
Develop self understanding by analysis of the past not just analytic understanding but also the feelings and memories associated with it must be experienced |
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What assumption is made of the Freudian analysist?
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that the analyst can discover and name the “truth” about clients
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How does Carl Jung fit in?
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was a contemporary of Freud
Future goals can also shape behaviour, not just past Spiritualistic; combines history, mythology, anthropology, and religion, wholistic • Emphasis on personal and collective unconscious with different archetypes (persona, animus/anima, shadow) that are symbolic and universal in humans Goal is to balance these three archetypes Collective unconscious-the deepest level of the psyche containing the accumulation of inherited experiences of human and pre-human species |
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Name 3 psychoanalytic techniques
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Free Association
Interpretation Dream Analysis |
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What is transference?
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• Transference= the client reacts to the therapist as he did to an earlier significant other, which allows the client to experience feelings that would otherwise be inaccessible. This is a desired process. This is where the meat of the counseling develops. Positive transference-client falls in love with therapist, client needs nurturance and approval from therapist that they didn’t need before. Negative transference-anger, yelling arguing with therapist
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Countertransference is
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the reaction of the therapist toward the client, which can interfere with objectivity but also at times be a key to helping the client
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How does Psychoanalysis produce change?
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by working through transference. explore unconscious material and defenses from early childhood, repeatedly analyzing it, and exploring forms of resistance.
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What is resistance?
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Anything that works against the progress of therapy & prevents the production of unconscious material
• Ie. Canceling appointments, tardiness, arguments • Thought to occur when getting close to the heart of the disturbing material-client pulls back Related to denial and repression Becomes material for therapy |
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what is object relations theory
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a kind of psychodynamic therapy
Emphasizes self in relation to significant others or love objects in a child’s life (i.e., parents); these relationships become an internal working model for later relationships Object = the “other” who satisfies a need |
