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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phrenology |
Determining personality and character through skull shape |
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Dorsal |
Top, superior |
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Ventral |
Below, inferior |
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Rostral |
Front, anterior |
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Caudal |
Back, posterior |
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Medulla |
-rostral to spinal cord -responsible for breathing, digestion, and heart rate control |
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Pons |
- rostral to the spinal cord - conveys info abt movement from the hemispheres to the cerebellum |
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RNA |
present in all living cells, acts as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA |
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Transcription |
The process by which a strand of DNA’s information is copied into a new molecule of mRNA |
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Promoter |
A region of DNA where proteins bind to initiate transcription |
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Exon |
A coding region or segment that is translated into the protein |
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Translation |
The process of RNA becoming protein |
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Circadian Rhythm |
Behavior patterns within a 24-hr day-night cycle, including sleep |
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Dendrite |
tree-like branches from the soma that receive incoming signals from other cells |
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Axon |
The transmitting element of neurons, which carries signals to many target neurons |
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MRI |
magnetic resonance imaging, uses radio waves to see tissues |
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MRI |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, uses radio waves to see tissues |
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Midbrain |
- rostral to the pons - controls sensory and motor functions including eye movement, and visual/auditory reflexes |
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Diencephalon |
-contains thalamus (processes info reaching the cerebral cortex from the CNS -hypothalamus (responsible for autonomic, endocrine, and visceral functions) |
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Cerebral Cortex |
-most developed part of brain -organized into functionally distinct regions, each made up of large groups of neurons |
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Broca’s Area |
responsible for grammar and fluency of speech |
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Wernicke’s area |
Responsible for language comprehension (person can speak but it doesn’t make sense) |
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Brodmann’s Division of the Brain |
52 labeled areas of the brain that are anatomically and functionally distinct. We still use them and it’s only the visible cerebral cortex that is labeled. |
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DNA |
the carrier of genetic information, present in nearly all living organisms |
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I/V curve slope = |
Conductance (g) |
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V/I curve slope= |
Resistance |
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I = |
V/R |
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V= |
IR (current x resistance) |
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Divergence |
pattern of connection when one neuron activates many target cells |
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Convergence |
pattern of connection when one neuron receives many inputs from many other neurons |
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Divergence |
pattern of connection when one neuron activates many target cells |
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Convergence |
pattern of connection when one neuron receives many inputs from many other neurons |
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Oligodendrocytes |
CNS Myelin - one oligo produces myelin sheathes for as many as 30 axons |
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saltatory conduction |
signal jumps from one node of ranvier to the next |
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electrical transmission is ________ than chemical |
faster |
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feedback inhibition |
self regulating, allow for control of movement by dampening pathway activity |
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The concentration gradient always wants ions to move ___________ |
OUTSIDE of the cell. It always wants concentrations to move from highest to lowest, so its never really at equilibrium or rest |
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The electrical gradient driving force only has zero movement in or out (rest) at __ mV. |
0 |
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The brain is a ____________ organized organ |
topographically |
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If two neurons have different firing patterns its normally because they have ___ ____ |
different jobs |
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what is the term for the minimum current needed to fire an action potential |
current threshold |
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what is the term for the minimum voltage or membrane potential needed to activate ion channels |
voltage threshold |
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The falling phase is always ________ than the rising phase |
Slower |
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3 Na+ ____, 2 K+ _____ |
out, in |
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The Nernst equation is used for what |
Finding the equilibrium potential for a certain ion inside vs. outside |
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The Nernst equation is used for what |
Finding the equilibrium potential for a certain ion inside vs. outside |
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Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation is used for what |
Finding the equilibrium using membrane permeability and multiple concentrations of diff ions |
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In a single channel voltage clamp, amplitude of a response is mostly determined by |
driving force |
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In a single channel voltage clamp, amplitude of a response is mostly determined by |
driving force |
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If there is an inward and an outward curve on the same line (clamp current), it means that |
two different channels are being activated |
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The duration of an ion channel opening or closing is governed by |
Probability |
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The equilibrium potential of glutamate is |
0 mV |
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Tau = |
R * C |
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At resting potential gK and gNa (conductance) is what |
0, because the channel isn’t open yet |
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Larger capacitance = larger _____ |
Tau |
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When you increase extracellular potassium (K) concentration, it __________ the cell |
depolarizes |
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_____________ is constantly changing |
Conductance (electrical gradient) |
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What can be voltage-sensitive because they’re made up of amino acids that can be charged |
Ion channels |
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with two capacitors in series, conductance is halved because? |
you’ve increased the distance of the ‘pipe’ by stacking them, which lowers the conductance |
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I = gV |
conductance, voltage, and current are all directly proportional |
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The neural membrane is a |
Capacitor (it holds onto charges) |
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Capacitance unit |
Farads |
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Current unit |
Amps |
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Resistance unit |
Ohms |
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Conductance unit |
Siemens |
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10^9, 10^6, 10^-12 |
Giga, mega, pico |
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10^-3, 10^-6, 10^3 |
Milli, micro, kilo |
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What are the three states of ion channels? |
closed, activated, inactivated |
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Three types of gated channels |
Mechanical (stretch), Ligand (nt binding), Voltage (membrane potential) |
