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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
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In regards to Rome, when is the... -Traditional foundation date -Period of the Monarchy -Period of the Republic -Period of the Empire |
-753 BCE -753 to 509 BCE -509 to 27 BCE -27 BCE on |
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-Where is the Roma Urbs? -How many hills are there? -What are the four main ones? |
-On the River Tiber -7: Septimontium -Capitoline Hill, Roman Forum, Palatine Hill, Campus Martius |
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-When were the first accounts of Roman History? What were they from? -What were the Romans focus in terms of their history? |
-3rd to 2nd BCE; Historians (annalists [year-by-year]) & Epic Poets (patriotic accounts of earlier days) -They venerated their own history; looked back as much as forward, esteemed tradition and values were important |
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Define the term Maiores. |
Priests ???? |
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Who were two prominent writers of Roman history? Name one of their prominent works, and the date it was written. |
-Titus Livius (Livy); Ab Urbe Condita (From the foundation [of Rome]) c. 25 BCE -P. Vergilius Maro (Vergil); The Aeneid, c. 19 BCE |
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Describe the Aeneid, written by Vergil. |
Follows Aeneas (with the Trojans) fleeing from Troy, aims for Rome, ends up in Carthage due to a storm, Dido (founder and queen of Carthage) take them in, listens to their story, impressed and falls in love with him, when he is reminded by the Gods that he has to find "the new city"; she kills herself; get blown to Sicily, hold funerary games, women try to burn ships but fail, they go to Rome; he visits father in underworld; go to Latium; war breaks out; duel between Aeneas and Turnus, Aeneas wins. |
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What is Roman art? |
traditions of styles, genres, and iconography that served political and cultural needs of Roman society |
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In what ways did Rome adopt Greek Art and Architecture? |
Architecture - city planning, Religious architecture (greek arch orders), domestic architecture Sculpture - terracotta sculpture architectural sculpture Roman art - new product of Greek and Italic influences |
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What are the five characteristics of Archaic Etruscan Temples? |
(1) Stone foundation (2) Walls in mudbrick (3) Wooden columns (tuscan) (4) Terracotta roof tiles/architectural terracottas (5) Acroteria in terracotta (statue at the top of the roof, usually of gods and monsters) |
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Describe Phase 1 of Mt. Vesuvius' eruption. |
-'airfall phase' began at 12:00 pm -lasted for 20 hours -accumulation of ash and pumice to ca. 4 m. deep -most of Pompeii's population fled during this time |
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Describe Phase 2 of Mt. Vesuvius' eruption. |
-nuée ardente - glowing cloud; hot avalanche of ash and gas. -has two parts: --'ground surge', ring-shaped cloud of gas and suspended rock fragments that move radially outward, quickly, from the base of the eruption. --'pyroclastic flow', hot avalanches of pumice, ash, and gases that move at high speed after the ground surge. |
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How did most of the Victims in Pompii die? What was the population at the time? How many victims were found? How were the bodies preserved? What is the name of the pose in which the bodies in Pompeii were found? |
-From inhaling hot gases of ground surge, from the heat of the ground surge. -ca. 20,000 people; approx. 2,000 victims found. -They were encased in pyroclastic flow which created a mold of the deceased. -********* |
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Who was the director of excavations at Pompeii? When was this? When were the first casts displayed? |
Giuseppe Fiorelli 1863-1875 1863 |
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In regards to Pompeii... -Who created the city? When? -When was it colonized by Rome? -What is the date that we get the most information from? Why? |
-The Samnites (indigenous Italian tribe), 4th c. BCE -80 BCE -AD 79; limited excavation below ground level. |
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In regards to Pompeii... -What is the (Latin?) word for forum? What happened here? What are three typical elements of a Roman forum? |
-agora; political, commercial, and religious functions. -Capitolium (temple of Jupiter [Zeus]), basilica, and a market. |
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Who built the Getty Villa in Malibu? Why? What was the design based on? |
-By the oil magnate J. Paul Getty, to house his art collection -Based on the plans of the Villa of the Papyri |
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In regards to Roman Domestic Architecture... -What are the different parts of a Roman home (6). -What is the definition of an Atrium? -What is the Latin word for Patron? -What is the Latin word for Client? Who were they usually? -What is a 'salutatio'? |
-Fauces; Atrium (including the impluvium [catchbasin] and compluvium [hole in roof]); Tablinum; Peristyle; Cubiculum; Triclinium -Principal public space in the house. -Patronus (owner) -Cliens; farmers, workmen, houseworkers, artisans -A formal greeting/reception that occured in the Atrium |
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What are the four styles of Pompeian Wall Painting? What are their respected dates? |
-Masonry Style: c. 2nd c. BCE - 80 BCE -Architectural Style/Illusionism: c. 80 BCE - 20 BCE -Colour Field/Ornamental: c. 20 BCE - 10 BCE -Mix of Illusionism and Ornamental with mythological and landscape panels: 10 BCE - AD 79 |
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In regards to First Style Pompeian Wall Painting... -What does it imitate? -What is the Goal? |
-Masonry and polychrome marble facings. -Monumentalize domestic interior through allusion to public architecture. |
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How is the Roman Arch made? What was it employed by? |
Carried out in concrete, often faced with stone or brick, obscuring the concrete core. By the Greeks in dry masonry, but limited in use. |
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What is significant about Roman architecture as opposed to Greek architecture? |
In Rome, the interior appearance dictates exterior, which is the inverse of Greek where the appearance of exterior matters the most. |
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When was the marriage of Greek architectural form and Roman design innovation? |
AD 118-125 |
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Name the four principal types of Roman spectacle and performance. |
(1) Ludi circenses - chariot racing in the circus (2) Venationes - games with animals (hunt, held in circus as well as amphitheater) (3) Munera - gladiatorial games, originally took place in the circus, later in amphitheaters, but also in theaters. (4) Stadium games - footraces, light athletics. |
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When was the earliest amphitheater found? Where? Describe its construction. |
c. 80 BCE in Pompeii (Southern Italy). Concrete construction, substructure based on series of vaults (poured concrete) |
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In regards to the Colosseum or Flavian Amphitheater... -What type of construction, exterior, which orders it includes... -How many entrance/exit passages were there? What is the Latin term for them? What kind of construction are they? -What is the Latin term of awning? |
-Concrete construction, stone exterior (travertine), Superimposed orders including Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Corinthian Pilasters -76, Vomitoria, Annular vaulted passages and barrel vaulted ramps. -Velarium |
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In regards to the Arena of the Colosseum... -What went on in it? -What are the Venationes? |
-Games offered by Roman Emperors; Inaugural events lasted 100 days; Battle of 3000 men in the arena. -Animal hunts; set wild animals against each other (starts with small animals [rabbits] and gets larger), and eventually animals against gladiators. |
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What are the four different types of Roman gladiators? Briefly describe each. |
-Thrax (Thracian), greaves, short sword, round shield, no visor on helmet -Hoplomachus, one greave, visored helmet, rectangular shield, short sword -Murmillo, bare torso, loincloth, belt, arm guard on right side, padding on right leg, helmet, tall infantry-style shield, short sword called 'gladius' (gladiator); armour weighed about 16-18 kilos and was one of the heaviest armed types. -Retiarius, no helmet, no greaves, arm guard and shoulder guard, fought with net, trident and dagger, much lighter weight. |
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Describe Roman's Pre-Bath ritual. |
-Apodyterium: changing room (cubbies for clothes, theft common; apply oil and dust for exercise; exercise tunic). -Palaistra: exercise area -Natatio: swimming pool |
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Describe Roman's Bath ritual. |
-Tepidarium: warm room, not always a bath (scrape off excess dirt and oil from exercise with strigil) -Caldarium: hot bath -Frigidarium: cold bath -Laconicum (dry heat room) and sudatorium (wet heat room) = both optional |
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Describe the Hypocaust System. |
-a furnace that heats from below -Heat through floors, walls, vaults -Suspended floor (suspensurae) on pillars (pilae), heated by furnace (praefurnium). |
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Describe how Roman's heated the walls. |
Uniquely Roman invention, included a tubuli, a terracotta boxes with holes on sides; small holes at roof line to release smoke |
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-What is a Thermae? -Name one well known one - when it was created, when it was added to, what was added to it, how big is it. |
-Large, imperial baths, publicly owned and paid for by the state. -Baths of Caracalla; 198-211 CE; baths added 212-219 CE (construction for another decade after); it is the second largest one in Rome at almost 300 acres. |
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In terms of Augustus... -What was his birth name? -When did he rule? -Who is he related to? How? -When was he given the title 'Augustus' and by who? What does it mean? -What power did he have? What role did he establish? |
-Julius Caesar Octavianus -27 BCE - AD 14 -Grand-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar -27 BCE; by the Senate, meaning First Citizen -Held veto powers, thus no one could oppose his initiatives; Established role of Emperor |
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What kind of style is depicted in the Ara Pacis? |
Classicizing - looks back to Classical Period and Greek sculpture/Architectural |
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What do Roman statue types show? What style is typically shown? |
Standard poses and costumes that reflect different roles i.e., emperor as general addressing his troops -Show sacrificing, making political speech, body is standard type, in standard attire, head is individualized. -Usually portrait; representation of the likeness of a real person and therefore recognizable as an individual |
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What is important about hair in Roman art? |
Complex hairstyles were a sign of wealth and leisure because they got slaves to do their hair; wigs were commonly used. |
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Why were blank expressions commonly shown on portrait statues of Roman women? |
The cultural ideal of Roman women, especially for elite women, to express no emotion, to be composed in public. |
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What were five different burial practices in Rome? What is a columbarium? |
(1) Cinerary urns (2) Sarcophagi (3) Tomb markers (4) Monumental tombs (5) Burial occurred outside of the city walls (with few exceptions) -Niches for urns holding ashes of the dead, usually above ground. |
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-What does the Latin term Diis Manibus mean? -What is usually put on funerary markers? |
-To the gods below -Name, portrait, how old, married or not. |
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What was the intended purpose of the Mausoleum of Augustus? When was it made? What was the Mausoleum eventually used for? Why is it significant? |
-For family (dynastic) use -28 BCE -House the remains of subsequent Roman emperors -An example of exceptions to the burial outside the city walls rule. |
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What are two important provincial sites? |
-Nemausus, Gaul (modern Nimes, southern France) -Vindolanda, Britannia (modern England) |
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In regards to Pont du Gard, Nimes... -What kind of engineering does it show? -When was it made? -What was its purpose? -How much of what material was required? -How tall is it? -Where is it? How does it help? |
-Roman engineering -Mid 1st c. AD -Roman hydraulic works: to supply towns with continuous supply of fresh water. -50,400 tonnes of stone -50 m. high -Flows over Gardon river, the bridge allows continuation of aqueduct. |
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What is the back story for the Hadrian's wall? When was it made? |
-In 55 and 54 BCE, Julius Caesar invaded Britain, and in AD 43, emperor Claudius successfully captured Britain and made it a Roman province. -The construction of the wall was in AD 128 |
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What are the Vindolanda tablets? How many are there? |
-752 wooden tablets -showed the daily life on the Roman frontier |
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Describe the politics of the late Roman Empire. Who were famous sons of these rulers? What happened between the two? The result? |
-Ruled by Tetrarchs/Rule by Four in AD 284-305, divided by Eastern and Western, or Augusti (Diocletian & Maximian) & Caesars (Constantius Chlorus & Galerius) -Maxentius (son of Maximian, ruled AD 306-312) -Constantine (son of Constantis Chlorus) vied for supreme power in Western Empire. --Battle between the two at Milvian Bridge AD 312; Constantine won. --Constantine legitimized Christianity in Roman State, AD 313; moved the capital of Roman Empire to Byzantium/Constantinople AD 324 (later renamed Istanbul) |
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What does Basilica mean? Speaking of, when did the building of the Basilica of Maxentius begin? |
-"Royal Hall" - suitable for assembly -AD 306 |
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Describe the Arch of Constantine; when it was built, what it depicts. What is an attic on an arch? |
-AD 312-315; classified as a triumphal arch that celebrates victory over usurper Macentius; sculptural program consists of spolia (elements taken from elsewhere and reused) -Inscription; above side arches = roundels (tondi) |
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On the Arch of Constantine, what spolia can be found? What is from Constantine? |
-Trajanic, Hadrianic, and Marcus Aurelius -Victories in spandrels, and the reliefs below the roundels |
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What did Constantine do in regards to the Roman capital and when? |
Constantine made Byzantium the capital of the Roman Empire in AD 324 |
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What did the Council of Nicaea in regards to Roman religion and when? |
Made Christianity de-facto official religion of the Roman World in AD 325 |
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In regards to the Royal Ontario Museum's snake goddess... -When was it bought? by who? -Why did they buy it? -What was the problem with it? |
-Bought in 1931 by the museum director Charles Currelly -Tried to put the Museum on the international map -It had no provenance (official and legitimate record of findspot); scholars were doubtful about its authenticity from the beginning but the Museum kept it on display anyways, just not highlighting it. |
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-Who solved the issue of the snake goddesses? When? How? -What was the issue at hand? -What was the result of their findings? |
-Kenneth Lapatin; 2001; did research and able to distinguish real and fake snake goddesses. -The issue was that there were issues deciding if it is real or not. -He found 14 fake snake goddesses in toal around the world, including the snake goddess in the Boston museum. |
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What is the Getty Kouros? -Who bought it? When? -Why did they think it was legitimate? -Problem? |
-Bought by J. Paul Getty Museum in 1983. -It came with provenance: papers showing history of sale and ownership which included a comparison with other, verifiable, real kouroi. -Letters later found to be fake. |
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What are the problems associated with the Getty Kouros? |
-Hair looks 6th century -Feet, face, and torso look 5th century -Thighs heavier from the torso -Base larger than usual -Marble from northern Greek island of Thasos (only surviving example of this marble) |
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Why is looting bad for archaeology? What kind of research does it result in? |
-Disturbs the site -Gives historians no context nor provenance (reduces the scholarship to study of one aspect, usually to aesthetic/stylistic issues only) -Results in object driven research - object in itself, by itself, and because it must be given value, style is really the only thing that can be used. -It also hampers attempts to create a typology because it limits value of objects as comparative material when others find similar objects and bigger questions like function can't be addressed -It underlines importance of provenance. |
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Describe the Getty Aphrodite... -How tall, dated to when -Bought by who, for how much, when -Issues with it -Result? |
-2.3 m. tall, 425-400 BCE -Bought by Getty Museum in 1988 for $18 million USD. -Probably illegally excavated in 1977 from Morgantina in Sicily; Italian authorities showed that Getty knew it was stolen, the director, Marion True, in 2005 indicted by Italian government. -2007 Getty agreed to return it along with 39 other objects; the charges were dropped due to statute of limitations |
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-What do present laws forbid in regards to cultural artifacts? -What are the problems of illegal excavation and exportation of cultural patrimony (stuff)? |
-Exportation of them; artifacts of cultural patrimony remain within the national borders in which they were recovered. -Clandestine excavations; Illegal exportation from nation of deposition; sale of artifacts to private individuals (i.e., museums); presentation vs. provenance; role of preservation. |
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In regards to the Parthenon Sculptures... -What did Lord Elgin receive? When? -Where did he send his findings? When? -How much did he sell them for and when? -What is the debate around it? |
-Received a permit (firman) to excavate and take away marbles from the Athenian Acropolis, 1801. -Brought findings to Scotland, his home, 1806. -Sold Parthenon Sculptures to British Museum for 35,000 (weird E sign), 1816. -What extent, allowed in the firman, of removal and scope of material; the sovereignty of Turkish government; and the Centural continuity from 5th century BCE to 19th century |
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Why should the British Museum have ownership of the Parthenon Sculptures/Elgin Marbles? What about the Greek Ministry of Culture? |
-British: Fragments were legally purchased; removed rightfully; accessible to more visitors; valuable to the "universal museum" concept of the British Museum; and they are better equipped to display the sculptures. -Athens: Turkish government was occupying force; Firman allowed removal of small, sporadic, excavated finds, not dismantling of buildings; No greater impediment to Athens than London; Primary context is more important than secondary; New Acropolis Museum created, better suited there in terms of context. |
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When did the New Acropolis Museum in Athens open? What are the arguments to keep them in the British Museum? How about to send them home? |
-2009. -Keep: Returning them would create domino effect of requests for repatriation and the possibility to strip many museums of their collections; academic setting for material; appreciated for own merits and valued as part of western tradition; 200 year history here. -Give back: Return of items completes the building; artifacts have greater resonance and increased significance in their original environment; particularly relevant to Greek identity. |
