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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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National Incident Based Reportimg System Gives details on each crime incident |
NIBRS |
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Many citizens do not report crimes to the police Doesn't include drug related offenses Domestic violence, rape, white collar crime |
Why is the uniform crime report incomplete? |
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Higher than in other Western countries Lethal violence Not evenly distributed |
Lawlessness in the US |
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Majority of people believe social factors play a role in the causation of crime Social experiences shape how people think about crime |
Theory in Social Context |
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To observe and reflect on the meaning of an event |
Theory |
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Gain or lose credence Gain or lose the ability to justify a range of criminal justice policies |
When shifts in societal opinion occurs, theoretical models: |
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Emphasis on rational decision making costs/benefits analysis |
Classical School Theory |
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Scientific study of criminals Criminals and non criminals were different |
Positivist School Theory |
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Social circumstances play a role in crime causation |
Chicago School |
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Control Theory Differential Association Theory Anomie Strain Theory |
What are the mainstream criminology and political theories that favor reform of the status quo and not a radical transformation? |
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Harsher punishments |
How did the conservativists respond to crime? |
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Need a motivated offender, absence of a capable guardian, and the presence of a suitable target at the same time and place |
Routine Activity Theory |
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Rational Choice Theory Crime is a choice by objective or perceived costs and benefits |
Perceptual Deterrence Theory |
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Crimewarps |
1987 study of crime over 20-50 years by Georgette Bennett |
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Causes of crime in souls |
Spiritualism |
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Trial by battle Trial by ordeal Compurgation Strong families weren't guilty |
How did people deal with crime in ancient societies? |
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Occured in 1692 |
When did the Salem witch trials occur? |
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Classical School |
Punishment should fit the crime |
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Cesare Beccaria |
Who was the father of criminology? |
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1:Give up freedoms to establish society 2:Restrictions or laws should be restricted in scope 3:Innocent until proven guilty 4:Write down laws 5:Punishments should be retributive 6:Punishment shouldn't be more than what's necessary for deterrence 7:Punishment fits the crime.. Not the criminal 8:Punishments should be swift and sure 9:Certainty is more important than severity 10:Offender viewed as independent and reasonable 11:Goal is crime prevention |
What were Beccaria's arguments? |
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Jeremy Bentham |
Who coined the term hedonistic calculus? |
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Believed punishment should be a deterrent and behavior is a result of free will |
What did Jeremy Bentham believe? |
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John Howard |
Influenced the passage of England's Penitentiary Act and penal reform |
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Didn't account for mitigating circumstances Didn't account for children Doesn't explain causation |
Problems with Classical School |
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Wanted scientific proof, empirical facts to confirm ideas that crime was determined by multiple factors Good = Beauty Bad = Ugly Neglected all social factors external to the person |
Positivist School |
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Cesare Lombroso |
Who was the father of Modern Criminology? |
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Disagreed with free will and philosophy Claimed diseases contributed to mental and physical deficiencies which could result in violence or homicide |
Cesare Lombroso |
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People with atavistic characteristics |
Born Criminal |
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Idiots, imbeciles, paranoiacs, epileptics, and alcoholics |
Insane criminals |
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Explained opportunity |
Occasional Criminals |
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Commit crime because of anger, love, or honor and are characterized by being propelled to crime by an irresistible force |
Criminals of Passion |
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Claimed there was a relationship between facial features and behavior |
Jasper Lavater |
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Argued that the shape of an individuals head could explain personal characteristics |
Franz Joseph Gall |
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Franz Joseph Gall |
Who coined the term phrenology |
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No to free will Socioeconomic status and political factors contributed to crime Control crime by social change |
Enrico Ferri |
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Lombroso and Ferri |
What two theorists had similar theories? |
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Criminal action is a crime against nature Crimes are offenses against the laws of nature |
Raffaele Garofalo |
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Identified acts that no society could refuse to recognize as criminal and therefore punish |
What did Garofalo attempt to identify? |
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Pity: revulsion against the voluntary infliction of suffering on others Probity: respect for the property of others |
Acts that violate 2 basic human sentiments |
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Studied 3000 convicts Concluded there were no significant differences between criminals and non criminals except for stature and body weight Criminals were slightly smaller and biologically inferior |
Charles Goring |
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Studied 260 insane people Asthenic and athletic builds were associates with schizophrenia while pyknics were manic depressives |
Ernst Kretschmer |
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Pyknics were imprisoned for fraud or sex offenses Asthenics and athletics were imprisoned for burglary, robbery, or larceny |
Mohr and Gundlach |
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Racist over tones, control group not representative of any known population |
Ernest Hooten |
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Factors that produce delinquency were inherited |
William Sheldon |
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Soft and fat |
Endomorph |
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Muscular and athletic |
Mesomorph |
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Skinny and flat |
Ectomorph |
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Found delinquents to be mesomorphic |
Sheldon and Glueck |
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Tensions exist between the unconscious id which holds aggressive biological and psychological urges and the conscious ego which controls and molds the individual |
Sigmund Freud |
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The self criticism piece that reflects the basic behavioral requirements of a particular culture |
Superego |
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When the ego or super ego fail to develop it a delinquent ego forms |
When does crime occur according to psychoanalysis? |
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Robert Park |
Who coined the term Human Ecology? |
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Concluded that city's develop in a pattern and is not random |
Robert Park |
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Disorganization produces and sustains criminal traditions and delinquency |
Shaw and Mckay |
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Criminal behavior is learned Learned via interaction with other people Learning b/w people occurs in intimate personal groups Learning includes the techniques, motives, rationalizations Favorable or unfavorable Delinquents form when there are excess definitions favorable to the violation of law |
What are Sutherlands 9 propositions? |
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Informal social control at the community level explains variation in crime rates across neighborhoods |
Robert Sampson |
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Private: intimate relationships Parochial: people met during daily routines Public: relationships with external groups |
Bursik and Grasmick |
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High crime communities have neighbors that often know one another and have strong private ties |
Problems with Systemic Model |
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Concentration disadvantage and residential no bolt decrease allegiance to conventional values |
Cultural Attenuation |
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Street code |
Ellijah Anderson |
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Social Learning Theory Differential association Imitation Definitions Differential social reinforcements |
Ronald Akers |
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Structurally induced strain |
Robert Merton |
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Anomie |
Erosion or absence of norms, standard values, lack of rules and clarity result in feelings if worthlessness, frustration, lack of purpose and despair |
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Focused primarily on delinquency in juveniles |
Cohen, Cloward, and Ohlin |
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Claimed mertons theory was too narrow and other factors could contribute to strain |
Robert Agnew |
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Failure to achieve positive goals Actual or anticipated removal of positive stimuli Actual or anticipated presentation of negative stimuli |
What were Agnews 3 sources of strain? |
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Strain is unjust Strain is high Strain is caused by low self control Strain creates pressure or incentive to engage in criminal behavior |
Four factors that strain produces criminal activity |
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Extreme capitalism US suffers from high rate of economic inequality |
Elliott Currie |
