Chp. 9-Nutrients Involved In Fluid Balance

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Body fluids

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composed of molecules that move past one another freely; critical to the body's ability to function; about 50-70% of healthy body weight

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intracellular fluid

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within cell- 2/3 of blody fluid; potassium and phosphorus

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extracelluar fluid

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outside cell- 1/3 of body fluid; sodium and chloride

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interstitial fluid

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flows between cells that make up a particular tissue or organ

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intravascular fluid

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the water in the blood and lymph; plasma transports blood cells within arteries, veins, and capillaries

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lean tissues have a lower or higher fluid content than fat tissues?

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higher fluid content

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Electrolytes

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substance that disassociates in solution into electrically charged partiles ions; positive charge>sodium and potassium; negative charge>chloride and phosphorus

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Functions of Body Fluids

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fluids account for blood volume> BP increases when BV rises and vice versa; kidneys help regulate BV and BP

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BV regulation

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Fluids account for BV: antidiuretic hormone stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water reducing urine; renin responds to decreased BP; angiotensis II raises BP; aldosterone signals the kidneys to retain sodium and chloride, thereby retaining water

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Functions of Body Fluids

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fluids help maintain body temperature; high heat capacity of water meants that the temp. of our body fluids remain stable; sweating releases heat and cools body

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Functions of Body Fluids

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Protects and lubricates tissues; cerebrospinal fluid protects the brain and spinal cord; amniotic fluid protects the fetus; synovial fluid lubricates joints; deigestive juice moistens food for ease

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Functions of Elecrolytes

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Electrolytes help regulate fluid balance; water follows movement of electrolytes by osmosis moving to high concentration of electrolytes; allows for controlled movementof fluids into and out of cells; osmotic pressure keeps electrolytes in solution from drawing liquid toward them across semi-permeable membrane

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Functions of Electrolytes

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electrolytes enable nerves to respond o stimuli; movement of sodium and potassium across membranes of nerve cells changes the electrical charge across the membrane; this change in electrical charge carries the nerve impulse along the nerve cell

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Functions of electrolytes

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electrolytes signal muscles to contract; influx of calcium into the muscle from the exracellular space stimulates contraction; muscles can relax after contraction once the electrical signal is complete and calcium is pumped out of the muscle cell

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Thirst mechanism (hypthalamus) prompts us to drink when it is stimulated by...

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increased concentration of salt and other dissoved substances in the blood; a reduction in BV and BP; dryness of mouth and throat; DH signals kidneys to retain water

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Most water is lost though the urine, what controls this?

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kidneys control how much water is reabsorbed; excess water is processed by the kidneys and excreted as urine; insensible water is lost through the skin; other fluid loss> sweating, injury, surgery, high altitudes, diuretics

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RDA of water?

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2.7 liters for female, 3.7 liters for male; varies with age, weight, physical activity, environment

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Too much water?

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become overhydrated (rare); can result in a dilution of sodium

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deficiency of water?

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dehydration; infants and elderly are vulnerable

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Dehydration

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mild dehydration: poor performance, tired or sluggish, not feeling well
severe dehydration: increased body temp., mental confusion, and decreased BP

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Sodium

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fluid and electrolyte balance; associated with BP and pH balance in body; required for nerve impulse transmission; assists in the transport of certain nutrients into the body cells (glucose)

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Recommended intake of Sodium

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1500mg/day for certian pop.
2300mg/day for everyone else
1tsp salt=2400mg of sodium
high BP for high sodium diets

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Too much sodium?

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hypernatremia-abnormally high blood sodium; not from just eating too much salt; can happen to patients with congestive heart failure or kidney disease; results in high BV, edema, and high BP

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Deficiency in sodium?

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Hyponatremia- abnormally low blood sodium; can result from prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, or sweating; seen in athletes who drink too much water

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High sodium foods

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processed, fast foods: soups, frozen meals, snack chips, restaurant foods, packaged meals
condiments:table salt, soy sauce

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Potassium

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fluid and electrolyte balance; very important in muscle contractions and transmission of nerve impulses; high potassium helps maintain a lower BP

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RDA of potassium?

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4700mg/day

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Sources of potassium?

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fresh fruits, vegetables, dairy, whole grains; most salt substitutes are made from potassium chloride

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Too much potassium?

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hyperkalemia-a high blood potassium level; does not happen in healthy people; can occur to patients with kidney disease; can alter heart rhythm

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Deficiency of potassium

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hypokalemia- low blood potassium levels; can be seen in patients with kidney disease or diabetic ketoacidosis; can occur when taking certain diuretic medications; can occur with extreme dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea>leads to confusion, muscle weakness, abnormal heart rhythms

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Chloride

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coupled with sodium in the extracellular fluid to maintain fluid balance; part of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in stomach aiding digestion; assists the immune system; assists in the transmission of nerve impulses

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AI of Chloride?

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2300mg/day

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Too much chloride?

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all dietary chloride comes from salt; may lead to hypertension in salt-sensitive patients

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Deficiency of chloride?

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rare but can occur in people with eating disorders

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Phosphorus

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major intracellular negatively charged electrolyte; required for fluid balance; critical in bone formation; regulates biochemical reactions by activating or deactivating enzymes; found in ATP, DNA, RNA, cell membranes and lipoproteins

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RDA for phosphorus?

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700mg/day

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Sources of phosphorus?

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found in high amounts that contain protein such as meat, milk, eggs; more readily absorbed from animal sources

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Too much phosphorus?

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high blood phosphorus can occur with kidney disease or when taking too many Vit. D supplements; causes itchy skin, muscle spasms, convulsions

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Deficiency of phosphorus?

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they are rare

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Heat stroke

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occurs if the body's temperature regulation mechanisms fail; occurs in hot humid environments; include rapid pulse, hot, dry skin, high body temp; fatal during exercise in extreme heat

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Hypertension

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a chronic condition characterized by high blood pressure; systolic pressure over 140mmHg, diastolic pressure over 90mmHg

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What causes hypertension?

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95% of hypertension cases are unknown- primary or essential hypertension; 5% caused by kidney disease, sleep apnea, and salt sensitivity

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How to reduce hypertension?

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weight loss, increased physical activity, reduced sodium intake, more whole grains, fruits, veggies, low fat protein sources, DASH

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Energy drinks

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too much caffeine can cause: difficulty sleeping, nervousness, headaches, anxiety

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Bottled waters

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artesian, mineral, spring, well, purified, sparkling, seltzer, club soda, tonic water