Chp 14-17 A&p Exam

Front 1

What structures produce CSF?

Back 1

• Ependymal cells in the choroid plexus

Front 2

Where is the choroid plexus located

Back 2

• The 4 Ventricles of the brain

Front 3

What is the decussation of pyramids

Back 3

• 90% of axons from left pyramid move the the right and the right to the left side

Front 4

What is the result of pyramid decussation

Back 4

• Brain controls opposite sides of the body

Front 5

What body functions are governed by the nuclei in the brain site

Back 5

• Cardiovascular-Regulates rate/force of heartbeat & diameter of blood vessels

• Medullar Respiratory - Adjusts rhythm of breathing

• Also; vomiting, Sneezing, coughing, swallowing

Front 6

Major function of reticular formation

Back 6

• Maintain consciousness, sleep, sexual arousal, & focusing on tasks.

• Regulates functions of ANS

Front 7

Define limbic system

Back 7

• (Emotional Brain) Plays major role in managing emotions

• Includes hypothalamus, amygdala, & hippocampus

Front 8

List two functions of limbic system

Back 8

• Regulates emotions

• Plays role in smell/memory

Front 9

What is the 1st cranial nerve, type & function

Back 9

• Name/Number : Olfactory (I)

• Type: Special sensory

• Function: Smell

Front 10

What is the 2nd cranial nerve, type & function

Back 10

• Name/Number: Optic (II)

• Type: Special Sensory

• Function: Vision

Front 11

What is the 3rd cranial nerve, type & function

Back 11

• Name/Number: Oculomotor (III)

• Type: Somatic/Motor

• Function: Somatic- Adjusts lens for close vision, constrict pupil

• Motor- Movement of eyeball/eyelids

Front 12

What is the 4th cranial nerve, type & function

Back 12

• Name/Number: Trochlear (IV)

• Type: Motor/Somatic

• Function: Movement of eyeballs

Front 13

What is the 5th cranial nerve, type & function

Back 13

• Name/Number: Trigeminal (V)

• Type: Mixed

• Function: Sensory- Touch, pain, thermal sensations from scalp

• Motor - Chewing

Front 14

What is the 6th cranial nerve, type & function

Back 14

• Name/Number: Abducens (VI)

• Type: Motor/ Somatic

• Function: Movement of eyeball

Front 15

What is the 7th cranial nerve, type & function

Back 15

• Name/Number: Facial (VII)

• Type: Mixed

• Function: Sensory- Taste, touch, pain & thermal sensations

• Motor- Controls facial expression/Secretes tears & Saliva

Front 16

What is the 8th cranial nerve, type & function

Back 16

• Name/Number: Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

• Type: Special Sensory

• Function: Hearing & Equalibrium

Front 17

What is the 9th cranial nerve, type & function

Back 17

• Name/Number: Glassopharyngeal (IX)

• Type: Mixed

• Function: Sensory- Monitors B/P, O2, CO2 in blood

• Motor- Assists in swallowing, secretion of saliva

Front 18

What is the 10th cranial nerve, type & function

Back 18

• Name/Number: Vagus (X)

• Type: Mixed

• Function: Sensory- Taste from epiglottis, sensations from thoracic/abdominal areas

• Motor- Swallow, vocalization & coughing. Decreases heart rate

Front 19

What is the 11th cranial nerve, type & function

Back 19

• Name/Number: Accessory (XI)

• Type: Motor

• Function: Movement of head/pectoral girdle

Front 20

What is the 12th cranial nerve, type & function

Back 20

• Name/Number: Hypoglossal (XII)

• Type: Motor

• Function: Speech, manipulation of food/swallowing

Front 21

Describe motor neuron pathway of SNS

(Somatic Nervous System)

Back 21

• One neuron pathway

• Somatic neuron extends from CNS synapse directly to effector

Front 22

Describe motor neuron pathway of ANS

(Autonomic Nervous System)

Back 22

• Two neuron pathways

• Preganglion extends from CNS synapse w/ Postganglion neurons in autonomic ganglion

• Postganglion extend from ganglion synapses w/ visceral effector

• Preganglion neurons extend from CNS to synapse w? Chromaffin cells of adrenal medullae

Front 23

Describe how motor output is controlled in autonomic & somatic system

Back 23

• Somatic- Voluntary control from cerebral cortex w/ contributions from based ganglia, cerebellum, brain stem & Spinal cord

• Autonomic- Involuntary control from hypothalamus, limbic system, brain stem & spinal cord

• Limited control from cerebral cortex

Front 24

What are some of the general body responses to stimulation by sympathetic division of ANS

Back 24

• Fight or Flight response
• Increase alertness & metabolic activities
• Prepare body for emergency situations
• Increase heart rate, dilation of blood vessels & pupils
• Release glucose from liver
• Maintain homeostasis

Front 25

What are some of the general body responses to stimulation by parasympathetic division of ANS

Back 25

• Rest & Digest
• Conserve energy
• Restores body energy during times of rest or digestion
• Most output through smooth muscle, glandular tissue of gastrointestinal/respiratory tracts

Front 26

Define rapidly adapting receptor

Back 26

• Adapt quickly & specialize in signal changes in stimuli

• Associated with pressure, touch & smell

Front 27

Define slowly adapting receptor

Back 27

• Adapt slowly & triggers impulses as stimuli persists

• Monitors stimuli associated with pain, body position & chemical composition of blood

Front 28

What is a generator potential

Back 28

• Triggers nerve impulses in axon of first sensory neuron

• Nerve impulses propagates along axon into CNS

• Generates Action Potentials

Front 29

What is a receptor potential

Back 29

• Triggers release of NeuroTrans through exocytosis of synaptic vesicles

Front 30

Define referred pain

Back 30

• Pain felt in an area other than the source

Front 31

List the 5 flavors that taste buds respond to

Back 31

• Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami (meaty/savory)

Front 32

What are the three layers of the eyeball

Back 32

• Fibrous Tunic

• Vascular Tunic

• Retina

Front 33

Describe the fibrous tunic of the eyeball

Back 33

• Superficial layer
• Helps focus light to retina
• Contains cornea (gives eye its color)
• Contains sclera (white of eye, gives shape to eye, attachment for eyeball muscles)

Front 34

Describe the vascular tunic of the eyeball

Back 34

• Contains three parts; Choroid, Ciliary & Iris

• Choroid- Blood vessels provide nutrients to retina, contains melanocytes & causes it to be dark brown

• Ciliary- Secretes aqueous humor, changes tightness of zonular fibers, alters shape of lens for near or far vision

• Iris- Colored part of eyeball, pupil

Front 35

Describe the retina of the eyeball

Back 35

• Recieves light focused from the lens
• Convert light into neural signals
• Sends signals to brain

Front 36

Function of rods of the eyeball

Back 36

• Allow vision in dim light b/c dont provide color
• Only back, white & all shades of grey

Front 37

Function of cones of the eyeball

Back 37

• Produce color vision.

• Only process red, green & blue.

• All other colors are combinations of these

Front 38

Describe the process of accommodation in the eye

Back 38

• Lens of eye is convex, thus Ant&Pos surfaces increase & curvature increases
• When eye focuses on an object, lens becomes more curved, causing greater refraction of light rays
• Increase of the curvature of the lens for near vision

Front 39

The output of the ANS does NOT control what

Back 39

• Skeletal Muscle

Front 40

What is not correct of the preganglion

Back 40

• They form a gap juction with postganglion

Front 41

What is the function of the postganglion

Back 41

• Release neurotrans at the effector cell

Front 42

What neurotrans bond to Autonomic receptors

Back 42

• Norepinephrine & Acetycholine

Front 43

What are Nicotinic & Muscarinic receptors classified as?

Back 43

• Cholinergic Receptors

Front 44

What is NOT caused by sympathetic division

Back 44

• Airway Constriction

Front 45

What type of sensory receptor responds to stimuli resulting from chemical & physical damage to tissue

Back 45

• Nociceptors

Front 46

Frequency of nerves impule in first order neuron deceases during prolonged stimulus

Back 46

• Adaption

Front 47

What is considered a receptor for fine touch

Back 47

• Meisser Corpuscles

Front 48

True or False:

Proprioceptive sensations promote activity of the gustatory region of the brain

Back 48

• False

Front 49

Main function of muscle spindles

Back 49

• Measure muscle length

Front 50

Define Proprioception

Back 50

• Awareness of position

Front 51

These cells provide sense of smell

Back 51

• Olfactory hair cells

Front 52

These cells provide sense of taste

Back 52

• Gustatory Cells

Front 53

Which nerve serves in gustatory function

Back 53

• Vagus

Front 54

Transparent coat that covers Iris

Back 54

• Cornea

Front 55

Main function is to regulate light enetering eyeball through pupil

Back 55

• Iris

Front 56

Lies between lens & retina

Back 56

• Vitreous chamber

Front 57

Protects inner parts of eyeball

Back 57

• Sclera

Front 58

Which receptor is used during high light situations

Back 58

• Cones

Front 59

First step in visual transduction

Back 59

• Light absorbed by photopigments

Front 60

Converts sound waves to vibratons

Back 60

• Tympanic Membrane

Front 61

Converts Vibrations to action potentials

Back 61

• Organ of Corti

Front 62

Carries action potentials caused by sound transduction

Back 62

• Vestibulocochlear nerve

Front 63

Senses dynamic equilibrium

Back 63

• Semicircular canals

Front 64

True or False:

The Cauda Equina is a major part of the brain

Back 64

• False

Front 65

Consists of the medulla oblongata, pons & midbrain

Back 65

• Brain Stem

Front 66

Consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus & epithalamus

Back 66

• Diencephalon

Front 67

Adult brain represents ___ of total body weight

Back 67

• 2%

Front 68

Cerebrospinal Fluid carries chemicals from the ____ to the neurons

Back 68

• Blood

Front 69

What is located in each hemisphere of the cerebrum

Back 69

• Lateral Ventricle

Front 70

Narrow pathway along midline, superior to hypothalamus between two halves of thalamus

Back 70

• Third Ventricle

Front 71

Network of capillaries in walls of ventricles

Back 71

• Choroid Plexuses

Front 72

Fingerlike projections that absorb CSF

Back 72

• Arachnoid Villus

Front 73

Netlike regoin of white & grey matter that extends through the brain, mainaining consciousness

Back 73

• Reticular Formation

Front 74

Responsible for somatic (startle) reflexes to loud noises

Back 74

• MidBrain

Front 75

Responsible for secondary control or respiration

Back 75

• Pons

Front 76

Definition of Pyramids

Back 76

• White matter extensions on the medulla

Front 77

Contains neurons that release dopamine

Back 77

• Substantia negra

Front 78

Helps maintain consciousness

Back 78

• Reticular Activating System

Front 79

Portion of cerebellum contributes to equilibrium and balance

Back 79

• Flocculonodular Lobe

Front 80

Portion of cerebellum carries sensory info from proprioceptors throughout body

Back 80

• Inferior Cerebellar Peduncles

Front 81

Major relay statoin for sensory impulses that reach primary somatosensory areas of the cerebral cortex from the brain stem to spinal cord

Back 81

• Thalamus

Front 82

What is not a major nuclei found in the thalamus

Back 82

• Superior Nuclei

Front 83

What is not controlled by hypothalamus

Back 83

• Blood Calcium

Front 84

Which gland is controlled by hormones produced by hypothalamus

Back 84

• Pituitary

Front 85

Area of cerebrum responsible for sensing body touch & temp

Back 85

• Primary Somatosensory Area

Front 86

Cranial nerve responsible for facial expressions

Back 86

• Facial

Front 87

Cranial nerve responsible for regulating visceral activity

Back 87

• Vagus

Front 88

Which nerves move the eyeball

Back 88

• Cranial nerves III, IV, VI