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182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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If 60.2 grams of Hg combines completely with 24.0 grams of Br to form a compound, what is the percent composition of Hg in the compound?
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71.5%
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If the density of a gas is 0.902 g/L at STP, that gas is
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Ne
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Which of the following compounds has the highest oxygen content, by weight?
A) BaO B) H2O C) Na2O D) CO2 E) NO |
B) H2O
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What is the formula for phosphoric acid?
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H3PO4
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Which base has the smallest base dissociation constant?
A) ammonia B) sodium hydroxide C) calcium hydroxide D) potassium hydroxide |
A) ammonia
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If an acid has a Ka = 1.6 x 10-10, what is the acidity of the solution?
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No determination can be made from information given.
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An indicator is what type of compound?
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weak base or acid
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A solution of one of the following compounds is acidic because one of is ions undergoes hydrolysis. The compound is...
A) CH3COONa B) NaCl C) NH3 D) NH4Cl |
D) NH4Cl
CH3COONa is basic, NaCl is neutral and NH3 is a base and not a salt. |
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What are the products of the reaction of 1 mole of Mg(OH)2 and 1 mole of H2SO4?
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2H2O + MgSo4
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double replacement
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What is the purpose of titration?
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to determine the concentration of an acid or base
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What is the normality of a solution that has 6.0 equivalents in 2.0 liters of solution?
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3.0 N
Normality = equivalent/Liters 6.0/2.0 |
Normality = equivalent/Liters
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What is obtained when phosphoric acid and magnesium hydroxide are mixed?
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3H2O + Mg3(PO4)2
magnesium phosphate plus water |
double replacement
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How many equivalents per mole are there in nitric acid?
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1
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The equation that summarizes the reaction of an acid with a base is...
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H+ + OH- --> H2O
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How many moles of sodium hydroxide are needed to neutralize 3.0 moles of phosphoric acid?
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9
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What is the normality of a 2M solution of phosphoric acid?
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6N
multiply the number of moles by the equivalent to find normality. |
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Write a balanced equation for the following process.
Chromium-51, which targets the spleen and is used as a tracer in studies of red blood cells, decays by electron capture. |
51......0......51
24CR + -1e --> 23V Chromium-51 + beta --> Vanadium-51 |
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Write a balanced equation for the following process.
Iodine-131, used to treat hyperactive thyroid glands, decays by producing a β particle. |
131.......0.....131
53 I --> -1 e + 54 Xe Iodine-131 --> beta + Xenon-131 |
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The radioactive isotope Curium-242 decays by a series of alpha particles and beta particles productions, taking Curium-242 through many transformations to end up as Lead-206. In the complete decay series, how many alpha particles and beta particles are produced?
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9 α particles & 4 β particles
242......4......0.....206 96Cm --> 2 α + -1 β + 82 Pb Look at top numbers. 242 = 4 + 206 It doesn't equal, multiply a number to the alpha number to find alpha particles. 242 = (9)4 + 206 242 = 242 There are 9 α particles. Look at bottom numbers. 96 = (9)2 -1 + 82 Multiply a number to beta to find beta particles. 96 = 18 -1(4) + 82 96 = 96 There are 4 β particles. |
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Phosphorus-32 is a commonly used radioactive nuclide in biochemical research, particularly in studies of nucleic acids. The half-life of phosphorus-32 is 14.3 days. What is the mass of phosphorus-32 left from an original sample of 175mg of Na3^32PO4 after 35.0 days? Assume the atomic mass of phosphorus-32 is 32.0.
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6.22mg
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The first atomic explosion was detonated in the desert north of Alamogurdo, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. What fraction of the strontium-90 (half-life=28.8 years) originally produced by that explosion still remains as of July 16, 2000?
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0.27
A = Ao (1/2)^t/T A/Ao = (1/2)^t/T =(1/2)^55/28.8 =0.27 |
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What is the change in the atomic number when an atom emits an alpha particle?
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It decreases by 2
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Which type of ionizing radiation can be blocked by clothing?
A) X-radiation B) gamma radiation C) beta particle D) alpha particle |
D) alpha particle
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The heaviest and sluggest one...
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A device that is used primarily for the detection of beta radiation is...
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the Geiger counter
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The most penetrating form of radiation is...
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gamma radiation
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How does a very large atom undergo radioactive decay?
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by emitting alpha radiation
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Uranium-235 atoms have how many protons?
(atomic number = 92) |
92
protons = atomic number |
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If the half-life of a radioactive material is 8 years, how many years will it take for 1/2 of the original amount of material to decay?
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8 years
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A transmutation reaction must always involve a change in the number of protons in a nucleus of an atom.
True or False? |
True
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Whar substances are used as moderators in a nuclear reaction?
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carbon and water
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What substances are used as neutron absorbers in a nuclear reactor?
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cadium or other metals
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What 2 nuclei are fused in the main fusion reaction of the sun?
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hydrogen and hydrogen
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What is the change in the atomic number when an atom emits gamma radiation?
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it stays the same
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What is the half life of iodine-131 if, after 24 days, 0.125g remains from a 1.00g starting sample?
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8 days
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Which of these solutions is the most basic?
A) [H+]= 1*10^-2 M B) [OH-]= 1*10^-4 M C) [OH-]= 1*10^-13 M D) [H+]= 1*10^-11 M |
D) [H+] = 1 * 10 ^-11
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pH basic: 7-14
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In the reaction AlBr3 with ionized NaBr, which compound is the Lewis acid?
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aluminum bromide
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Lewis acid is an electron acceptor
Draw Lewis diagram |
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Which acid has the greatest acid dissociation constant?
A) boric acid B) nitric acid C) carbonic acid D) acetic acid |
B) nitric acid
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strongest acid
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A 12.0 M solution of an acid that ionizes completely in solution would be termed...
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concentrated and strong
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How many free hydrogen ions are there in 1 liter of H2O?
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none, they are all hydrated
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A Lewis acid is a substance that can donate hydrogen ions.
True or False |
False.
Lewis acid accepts apair of electrons. |
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An acid according to Arrhemius is a substance that ionizes to yield protons in an aqueous solution.
True or False |
True
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Any member of a group of gaseous elements in Group 0 of the period table; the s and p sublevels of their outermost energy level are filled.
What is it? |
Noble Gases
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Group A element on the periodic table; together, these elements, which have only partially filled outermost s and p sublevels, illustrate the entire range of chemical properties.
What is it? |
Representative element
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Define Transition Metal.
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Called Group B elements and are characterized by addition of electrons to the d orbital
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Define Inner Transition Metal.
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Characterized by the filling of f orbitals; an element in the lanthanide and actinide series.
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Define Atomic Radius.
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1/2 of the distance between the nuclei of two like atoms in a diatomic molecule
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The tendency for an atom to attract electrons to itself when it is chemically combined with another element.
What is it? |
Electronegativity
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Define Ionization Energy.
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The energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous state.
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Which group of the periodic table has the highest electronegativity?
A) 6A B) 7A C) 2A D) 1A E) 3A |
B) 7A
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How does the shielding phenomenon affect the relative atomic sizes of elements in the same period?
A) An increase in the degree of shielding causes a decrease in atomic size. B) Shielding has no effect on relative atomic size within a period. C) An increase in the degree of shielding causes an increase in atomic size. |
B) Shielding has no effect on relative atomic size within a period.
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The representative elements are usually called...
A) halogens B) Group B elements C) Group A elements D) noble gases |
C) Group A elements
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Why is the radius of a positive ion always less than the radius of its neutral atom?
A) The nucleus pulls the remaining electrons in closer. B) The atomic orbitals contract all by themselves. C) Electron speeds are reduced. D) The number of principal energy levels is always reduced. |
A) The nucleus pulls the remaining electrons in closer.
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Which of the following factors contributes to the lower ionization energy of the higher-atomic-number elements in a family in the periodic table?
A) greater distance from nucleus B) greater number of protons in nuclei C) smaller number of valence electrons D) larger nuclei |
A) greater distance from nucleus
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Which of the following elements, when ionically bound to sulfur, attracts electrons less strongly than the sulfur?
A) fluorine B) oxygen C) cesium D) chlorine |
C) cesium
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Compared with the electronegativities of the elements at the left end of a particular period, the electronegativities of the elements at the right side of that same period tend to be...
A) unpredictable B) the same C) lower D) higher |
D) higher
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Why is the radius of a negative ion always greater than the radius of its neutral atom?
A) because the number of principal energy levels is always reduced B) because atomic orbitals contract all by themselves C) because repulsion between electrons increases D) because electron speeds are reduced |
C) because repulsion between electrons increases
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For Group 2A metals, which electron is the most difficult to remove from a neutral atom?
A) the second B) the first C) the third D) All the electrons are equally difficult to remove |
C) the third
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What is the electron configuration of sulfur?
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1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^4
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Which of the following elements has the lowest electronegativity?
A) carbon B) bromine C) lithium D) fluorine |
C) lithium
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What orbital is filled when iodine gains an electron to become a negative ion?
A) 4d B) 5p C) 4p D 6s |
B) 5p
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Which of the following elements has the smallest atomic radius?
A) S B) O C) Li D) K |
B) O
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The energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom is called the...
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ionization energy
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Which of the following factors contributes to the relatively greater atomic size of the higher-atomic-number elements within a particular family of the periodic table?
A) smaller number of valence electrons B) larger nuclei C) more shielding of the outer electrons by the inner electrons D) greater number of protons |
C) more shielding of the outer electrons by the inner electrons
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Atomic size generally...
A) remains constant within a period B) increases as you move from left to right across a period C) decreases as you move from left to right across a period D) decreases as you move down a group |
C) decreases as you move from left to right across a period
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How does atomic radius change from left to right across a period in the periodic table?
A) It tends to decrease. B) It first decreases, then increases. C) It does not change. D) It first increases, then decreases. E) It tends to increase. |
A) It tends to decrease.
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What is true of the electron configurations of the noble gases?
A) The outermost s and f sublevels are very close in energy and have electrons in them. B) The outermost s and p sublevels are partially filled. C) The outermost s and p sublevels are filled. D) The outermost s and d sublevels are very close in energy and have electrons in them. |
C) The outermost s and p sublevels are filled.
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Of the following atoms, which one has the smallest first ionization energy?
A) aluminum B) boron C) silicon D) carbon |
A) aluminum
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Atomic radii generally decrease as you move from left to right in a given period because there is...
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increase in the nuclear charge
# of inner electrons--shielding effect--remains constant |
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Ionization energy (A)_____ as you move from left to right across a period. It (B)_____ as you move down a group.
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(A) increases
(B) decreases |
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Define Valence Electron.
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An electron in the highest occupied energy level of an atom.
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A notation that depicts valence electrons as dots around the atomic symbol of the element; the symbol represents the inner electrons and atomic nucleus; also called Lewis dot structures.
What is it? |
Electron dot structure
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Atoms react by losing or gaining electrons to acquire stable electron structure of a noble gas, usually 8 valence electrons.
What is it? |
Octet Rule
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As the temperature of the gas in a balloon decreases
A) the volume increases B) the pressure increases C) the average kinetic energy of the gas decreases D) all of the above |
C) the average kinetic energy of the gas decreases
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Why is a gas easier to compress than liquid or a solid?
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The volume of a gas's particles is small compared to the overall volume of the gas
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What happens to the temperature of a gas when it's compressed?
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The temperature increases
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If a balloon is heated, what happens to the pressure of the air inside of the balloon if the volume remains constant?
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The pressure increases
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If oxygen is removed from a sample of air as iron rusts, what happens to the partial pressure of oxygen in the air?
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It decreases
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When the volume and the number of particles of a gas is constant, the ________ is also constant.
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ratio of the pressure and temperature in Kelvins
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Boyle's law states that the volume of a gas varies directly with pressure. True or False?
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False.
The volume of a gas varies INDIRECTLY with pressure |
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When the temperature and number of particles are kept constant for a sample of gas, ____________ is also constant.
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the product of the pressure and volume
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Charles's Law states that volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature. True or False?
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True
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Generally for a gas at constant volume, the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature in Kelvins. True or False?
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True
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The volume of a gas is reduced from 4L to 0.5L, while the temperature is held constant. The gas pressure change is what?
A) increases by a factor of 4 B) decreases by a factor of 4 C) decreases by a factor of 0.5 D) increases by a factor of 8 |
D) increases by a factor of 8
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The diameter of a carbon atom is 0.000 000 000 154m. What is this number expressed in scientific notation?
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1.54 x 10^-10 m
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What is the result of multiplying 2.5 x 10^10 by 3.5 x 10^-7?
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8.75 x 10^3
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Which of the following contains two significant figures?
a) 0.004 00L b) 0.004 04L c) 0.000 44L d) 0.004 40L |
c) 0.000 44L
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Which group of measurements is the most precise? (Each group of measurements is for a different object)
a) 2g,3g,4g b) 2.0g, 3.0g, 4.0g c) 2g, 2.5g, 3g d) 1g,3g,5g |
c) 2g, 2.5g, 3g
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mega (M)
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10^6
1,000,000 |
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kilo (k)
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10^3
1,000 |
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deci(d)
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10^-1
0.1 |
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centi (c)
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10^-2
0.01 |
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milli (m)
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10^-3
0.001 |
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micro (μ)
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10^-6
0.000 001 |
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nano (n)
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10^-9
0.000 000 001 |
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pico (p)
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10^-12
0.000 000 000 001 |
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What is the temperature of absolute zero measured in Celsius?
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-273 degrees C
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What is the boiling point of water in Kelvins?
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100K
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If the temperature changes by 100K, by how much does it change in Celsius?
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100 degrees Celsius
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If the temperature of a piece of steel decreases, what happens to its density?
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The density increases
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Of the elements Pt, V, Li, and Kr, which is a nonmetal?
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Kr
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How does atomic radius change from left to right across a period in the periodic table?
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It tends to decrease
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What element in the second period has the largest atomic radius?
a) C b) Li c) K d) Ne |
b) Li
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What charge is a cation?
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positive charge
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The metals in Groups 1A, 2A, and 3A gain electrons when they form ions.
True or false? |
False
They lose electrons when they form ions |
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Why is the second ionization energy greater than the first ionization energy?
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It is more difficult to remove a second electron from an atom.
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The radius of an anion is greater than the radius of its neutral atom.
True or False? |
True
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An increase in the number of protons contributes to the increase in ionizzation energy from left to right across a period.
True or False? |
True
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As you move from left to right across the second period of the periodic table...
a) ionization energy increases b) atomic radii increase c) electronegativity decreases d) atomic mass decreases |
a) ionization energy increases
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How are the chemical formulas of binary ionic compounds generally written?
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cation on left, anion on right
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Sulfur hexafluoride is an example of a polyatomic ion.
True or False? |
False.
It's a monatomic ion |
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What is ending for the names of all binary compounds, both ionic and molecular?
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-ide
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How are bases named?
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Like ionic compounds
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What does an -ite or -ate ending in a polyatomic ion mean?
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Oxygen is in the formula
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What are some statements of the kinetic theory?
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Gas particles move independently of each other
Gas particles move rapidly Gas particles are relatively far apart Collision between molecules in a gas are perfectly elastic Particles travel in a straight-line path until they collide with other objects Particles fill their containers regardless of shape or volume The aimless path taken by particles is known as a random walk |
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What instrument is normally used to measure atmospheric pressure?
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barometer
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What is the SI unit of pressure?
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pascal
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What is the STP in kPa?
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101.3 kPa
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What happenes to the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter as the temperature of the sample is increased?
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The average kinetic energy increases
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Which are the first particles to evaporate from a liquid?
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Particles with the highest kinetic energy
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An increase in the temperature of a contained liquid causes the vapor pressure above the liquid to decrease.
True or False? |
False.
It causes it to increase |
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If energy is added to a boiling liquid, what happens to the temperature of the liquid?
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It doesn't change
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Which of the following best describes the motion of the particles in a piece of steel?
a) None are moving b) A few are moving c) All are moving d) Most are moving |
c) All are moving
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When the external pressure is 505 kPa, what is the vapor pressure of water at its boiling point?
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505 kPa
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Which of the following is an example of a phase?
a) pressure b) water vapor c) temperature d) triple point |
d) triple point
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If the volume of a container of gas is reduced, what will happen to the pressure inside the container?
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The pressure will increase
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If a balloon is squeezed, what happens to the pressure of the gaz inside the balloon?
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It increases
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What happens to the temperature of a gas when it is compressed?
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The temperature increases
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As the temperature of the gas in a balloon decreases, which of the followinf occurs?
a) volume of the balloon increases b) average kinetic energy of the gas decreases c) gas pressure inside the balloon increases d) all of the above |
b) average kinetic energy decreases
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Why does air escape from a tire when the tire valve is opened?
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The pressure outside the tire is lower than the pressure inside the tire
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When the temperature and number of particles of a gas are constant, what is also constant?
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the product of the pressure and volume
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If a balloon is heated, what happens to the volume of the air in the balloon if the pressure is constant?
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It increases
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When pressure and the number of particles of a gas are constant, what is also constant?
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the ratio of the volume and temperature in kelvins
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The combined gas law relates to...
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temperatureand pressure only
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At high pressures, how does the volume of a real gas compare with the volume of an ideal gas under the same conditions?
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It is much greater
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Under what conditions of temperature and pressure is the behavior of real gases most like that of ideal gases?
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low temperature and high pressure
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If the volume of a container of air is reduced by 1/2, what happens to the partial pressure of oxygen within the container?
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it is doubled
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Why does a higher concentration make a reaction faster?
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There are more collisions per second
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Why does a catalyst cause a reaction to proceed faster?
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The activation energy is lowered
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If sulfur dioxide and oxygen can be made into sulfur trioxide, what is the reverse reaction?
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2SO3 --> 2SO2 + O2
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In an endothermic reaction at equilibrium, what is the effect of raising the temperature?
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The reaction makes more products
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Which change listed below would shift the following reaction to the right?
4HCL(g) + 02(g) --> 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(g) a) add cl2 b) remove O2 c) increase pressure d) decrease pressure |
c) increase pressure
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What is the effect of adding more water to the following equilibrium reaction?
CO2 + H2O <-> H2CO3 |
more H2CO3 is produced
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If a reaction has an equilibrium constant just greater than 1, what type of reaction is it?
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reversible, favoring products
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What physical state of nitrogen has the highest entropy?
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gas
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All spontaneous processes release free energy.
True or False |
True
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What determines whether or not a reaction is spontaneous?
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enthalpy change and entropy change
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When an acid reacts with a base, what compounds are formed?
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a salt and water
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What is an acid according to Arrhenius?
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a substance that ionizes to yield protons in aqueous solution
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In a neutral solution, the [H+] is...
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equal to [OH-]
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What type of solution is one with a pH of 8?
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basic
pH 8-14 |
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What characterizes a strong acid or base?
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complete ionization in water
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At 0.12M solution of an acid that ionizes only slightly in solution would be termed...
a) concentrated and weak b) strong and dilute c) dilute and weak d) concentrated and strong |
c) dilute and weak
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A substance with a Ka of 1 x 10^-5 would be classified as a...
a) strong acid b) weak acid c) strong base d) weak base |
b) weak acid
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Which base is strong, but never concentrated?
a) Magnesium Hydroxide b) Sodium Hydroxide c) Ammonia d) Water |
a) Magnesium Hydroxide
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The process of adding a known amount of solution of known concentration to determine the concentration of another solution.
What is it? |
Titration
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In a titration, when the number of moles of hydrogen ions equals the number of moles of hydroxide ions, what is said to have happened?
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The equivalence point has been reached.
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Molecular compounds are usually composed of two or more nonmetallic elements
True or False? |
True
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Ions form when atoms gain or lose...
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electrons
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Compounds that are composed of ions ...
A) have relatively high melting and boiling points B) are molecular compounds C) are for the most part composed of two or more metallic elements D) fit all of the above descriptions |
A) have relatively high melting and boiling points
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Ionic compounds are composed of...
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positive and negative ions
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Most solids...
A) have high melting points B) are amorphous in nature C) are dense and incompressible D) consist of particles in chaotic motion |
C) are dense and incompressible
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The average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance is...
A) equal to the total thermal energy absorbed by the substance B) proportional to the temperature of the substance C) raised as the temperature of the substance is lowered D) not affected by the temperature of the substance |
B) proportional to the temperature of the substance
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When a gas is heated...
A) one-half the absorbed thermal energy is converted to potential energy and the other half is converted to kinetic energy B) some of the absorbed thermal energy is converted to the internal energy of the gas particles, and some is converted to kinetic energy C) all of the absorbed thermal energy is converted to potential energy D) all of the absorbed thermal energy is converted to kinetic energy |
B) some of the absorbed thermal energy is converted to the internal energy of the gas particles, and some is converted to kinetic energy
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An indicator is what type of compound?
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weak base or acid
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What is the solubility product constant equal to?
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the equilibrium constant times the concentration of undissolved solid
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What is qualitative measurements?
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Gives results in a descriptive, non-numerical form
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What is quantitive measurements?
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Gives results in a definite form, usually as numbers and units
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It measures how close a measurement comes to the actual or true value of whatever is measured.
What is it? |
Accuracy
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It measures how close a series of measurements are to one another (depends on more than one measurement)
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Precision
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What is accepted value?
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correct value base on reliable references
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What is experimental value?
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the value measured in the lab
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What is error?
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The difference between accepted value and expected value
error=eperimental-accepted |
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What is percent error?
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(|error| / accepted value)x100%
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The comparison of the density of a substance with the density of a reference substance
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Specific Gravity
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The smallest electrically neutral unit of a substance that still has properties of that substance
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molecule
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An orderly, repeating 3D pattern that the solid's atoms/ions/moles are arranged into.
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Crystal
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What are allotropes?
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Two or more different molecular forms of the same element in the same physical state
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What are amorphous solids?
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solids lacking an ordered internal structure
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What is a phase diagram?
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It gives conditions of temperature and pressure at which substance exists as a solid, liquid, or gas
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The point showing the only set of conditions where the 3 phases exist in equilibrium.
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Triple Point
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An orderly, repeating 3D pattern that the solid's atoms/ions/moles are arranged into.
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Crystal
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What is compressibility?
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Measures how much volume of matter decreases under pressure
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