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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Testing method that uses electromagnetic radiation to determine the concentration of analytes in a solution
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Spectrophotometry
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What is the formula for Beer's Law?
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Absorbance = (molar absorptivity)(length of light path)(concentration of particles)
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What is the formula percent transmittance?
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A = 2-log(%Transmittance)
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What is the range for visible light?
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400-700 nm
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What is the order of electromagnetic radiation from shortest wavelength to longest?
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Cosmic-gamma-x-rays-UV rays-visible light-infrared-microwaves
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What are the components of a spectrophotometer?
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Light source, monochromator, sample cell, photodetector
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What light sources are used when measuring radiation in the near-infrared and visible light region?
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Tungsten-iodide or incandescent tungsten
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What are some examples of monochromators?
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Prism, diffraction grating, interference filter, colored glass filter
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What are some examples of a photodetector?
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Photomultiplier tube, phototube
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What are three common sources of stray light in spectrophotometry?
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Scratches on the optical surface, dust, wavelength outside of analytical range
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What is atomic absorption spectrophotometry used for?
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Detection of trace metals
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What light source is used in atomic absorption spectrophotometry?
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Hollow cathode lamp
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What light detector is used in atomic absorption spectrophotometry?
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PM (photomultiplier) tube
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What method of testing is more sensitive and specific than spectrophotometry?
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Fluorometry
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What are three interfering factors in fluorometry?
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UV light, temperature, pH
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How does fluorometry measure an analyte's concentration?
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Through fluorescence
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How does chemiluminescence differ from fluorometry?
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It does not require excitation or monochromators
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Turbidity measures:
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The amount of light that is transmitted at an angle of 180 degrees
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Nephelometry measures:
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The amount of light scattered at angles other than 180 degrees
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Describe the Coulter principle.
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As cells are passed in a single-file line in an electrical solution, the change in electrical charge as a single cell passes through is measured and calculated to determine how large the cell is.
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What ISE is universally used in the lab?
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pH
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What is an ISE?
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Ion selective electrode; measures the electrical activity of a specific electrolyte
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Define iontophoresis
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The migration of small particles in an electrical field
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Define zone electrophoresis
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The migration of large particles in an electrical field
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What are the five components of electrophoresis?
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Electricity, support medium, buffer, sample, instrument
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Define anion
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Ion with a negative charge
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To which pole do anions migrate?
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Anode
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Define cation
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Ion with a positive charge
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To which pole do cations migrate?
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Cathode
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What are the two main types of support media used in the clinical lab?
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Cellulose acetate, agarose gel
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What type of support media is used to separate individual proteins?
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Polyacrylamide gel
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What are the three main types of samples used in electrophoresis?
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CSF, urine, serum
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What should be done to serum samples before electrophoresis is performed?
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Dilution
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What should be done to CSF and urine samples before electrophoresis is performed?
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Concentration
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What serum protein migrates the fastest toward the anode?
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Albumin
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What is the proper sequence of migration of serum proteins from fastest to slowest?
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Albumin, alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, gamma
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At what pH is serum protein electrophoresis performed?
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8.6
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What disease or disorder correlates with an increase in the gamma region in serum protein electrophoresis?
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Gammopathy
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What disease or disorder correlates with an decrease in the alpha-1 region in serum protein electrophoresis?
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Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
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What disease or disorder correlates with bridging of the beta and gamma regions in serum protein electrophoresis?
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Cirrhosis of the liver
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What disease or disorder correlates with an increase in the alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta regions in serum protein electrophoresis?
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Inflammation
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What disease or disorder correlates with an increase in the alpha-2 and beta regions in serum protein electrophoresis?
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Nephrotic syndrome
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What support media is used for hemoglobin electrophoresis screens and at what pH?
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Cellulose acetate, alkaline
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What support media is used for hemoglobin electrophoresis confirmation of abnormal hemoglobins and at what pH?
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Citrate, acidic
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What is the normal pattern from slowest to fastest on citrate agar for hemoglobin electrophoresis?
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C, S, A, F
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What are oligoclonal bands?
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Multiple narrow bands in gamma region of CSF
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What disease are indicated by oligoclonal bands?
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Multiple sclerosis
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What other diseases will correlate with oligoclonal bands?
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Infectious meningitis, myeloma, proliferative syndrome
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What disease or disorder correlates with an increase in the alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta regions in serum protein electrophoresis?
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Inflammation
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What does chromatography separate components based on?
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Physical interactions with the medium for different components
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What is thin-layer chromatography used for?
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Monitoring progress of a reaction, identifying compounds in a substance, determining purity of a substance
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What disease or disorder correlates with an increase in the alpha-2 and beta regions in serum protein electrophoresis?
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Nephrotic syndrome
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What support media is used for hemoglobin electrophoresis screens and at what pH?
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Cellulose acetate, alkaline
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What support media is used for hemoglobin electrophoresis confirmation of abnormal hemoglobins and at what pH?
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Citrate, acidic
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What is the normal pattern from slowest to fastest on citrate agar for hemoglobin electrophoresis?
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C, S, A, F
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What are oligoclonal bands?
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Multiple narrow bands in gamma region of CSF
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What disease are indicated by oligoclonal bands?
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Multiple sclerosis
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What other diseases will correlate with oligoclonal bands?
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Infectious meningitis, myeloma, proliferative syndrome
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What does chromatography separate components based on?
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Physical interactions with the medium for different components
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What is thin-layer chromatography used for?
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Monitoring progress of a reaction, identifying compounds in a substance, determining purity of a substance
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