Chem 110 Test 2

Front 1

Gasses in our atmosphere and percentages

Back 1

21% Oxygen (O2)

72% Nitrogen (N2)

1% Argon (Ar)

Front 2

Troposphere

Back 2

0-10 km

Front 3

Stratosphere

Back 3

-10-50 km

-ozone layer exists here naturally

Front 4

Mesosphere

Back 4

50-200 km

Front 5

02 (ozone) molecular structure

Back 5

O-O-O (dashes = half bond)

Front 6

How is O3 formed?

Back 6

-can be formed by lightning

-bumper cars

-model trains

Front 7

where in the atmosphere ozone is found:

Back 7

stratosphere

Front 8

How 03 and 02 interact with UV radiation

Back 8

-three steps

1). 02(g) + energy (UV Radiation) = 2 0g (oxygen atoms)

-ifnot interfered with=constant amount of ozone in stratosphere (for all 3)

2). 02(g) + 0 (g) = 03 (g)

-howoxygen is produced

3). 03(g) + UV Radiation = 02 (g) + 0 (g) -< ~ 320 nm (UVB)

Front 9

Why is ozone important?

Back 9

life in single cells couldn't have developed

Front 10

Global Ozone depletion

Back 10

-1956= ground based measurements of stratosphere ozone began-1978= comprehensive worldwide satellite measurements ofstratospheric ozone began, and continue to today. -map of ozone in America (1964-2009) downward slope inlevels of ozone -shouldn’tsee this much decline -holein ozone located at south pole -sept-October= hole @ south pole is @ its largest point forthe year -reflectsthe entire globes loss, but just focused/concentrated/centered @ the south pole -whileit will disappear in the winter months, it’s still a huge issue -May 1985= hole is discovered in ozone (published in naturemagazine) kL

Front 11

1920's refrigerants

Back 11

-ammonia (NH3)

-sulfur dioxide (SO2)

-chloromethane (CH2CI)

-flammable

-all hazardous materials

Front 12

Thomas Midgley Jr

Back 12

-invented “miracle compound” called freons

-Freon 11 = chlorofluorocarbon

-CFC II

-RII

Front 13

History and uses of CFC's

Back 13

-called "miracle compounds" because of their properties

-replaced prior refrigerants

Front 14

Properties of CFC's

Back 14

-nonreactive, non-toxic, non-flammable

Front 15

Mario Molena

Back 15

-discovered the hole in the ozone

-developed “CFC ozone depletion theory”

-1995 Nobel Prize recipient

Front 16

F. Sherwood Rowland

Back 16

-discovered how chlorofluorocarbons affected the ozone

-1995 Nobel Prize recipient along with Molena

Front 17

How CFC's destroy the ozone layer

Back 17

-CFCs can destroy upwards of 100k ozone molecules

Front 18

EPA Mandates

Back 18

-Environmental Protection Agency. -“The ozone layer is Earth’s “sunscreen”– protecting living things from too much ultraviolet radiation. The emission ofozone depleting substances has been damaging the ozone layer. But throughdomestic and international action, the ozone layer is healing and should fullyrecover by about 2065.”

Front 19

Montreal Protocol mandates

Back 19

-“The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Depletethe Ozone Layer (a protocol to the Vienna Convention for theProtection of the Ozone Layer) is an international treaty designed to protectthe ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that areresponsible for ozone depletion.”

Front 20

HCFC's

Back 20

-one of first substitutes= HCFC 22

-1 chlorine molecule replaced with hydrogen -mademolecule more reactive

-muchshorter lifespan

-instead of CFC’s

Front 21

HFC's

Back 21

-HFC 134a, no chlorine: R134a

-Hydrofluorocarbon

-HFC 410a (50/50) = Puron

-HFC 125

-usedin many heat-pumps/ air conditioning -bannedin Europe -HFC 1234yf -usedin Europe + New Cars in U.S.

-HFC do not contribute to Ozone depletion -is agreenhouse gas -contributesto global climate change

Front 22

Ozone Depletion potential

Back 22

the ozone depletion potential of a chemical compound is the relative amount of degradation to the ozone layer it can cause

Front 23

Global ozone recovery

Back 23

-CFC phase-out

-fordeveloping countries= 2010

-fordeveloped countries= 1995

-Montreal protocol = 1987

-dramaticdrop in CFC’s= good

-HCFC phase-out

-fordeveloping countries = 2030

-fordeveloped countries = 2020

Front 24

Earths average temperature

Back 24

-18°C (0°F)

-supposedto be average temperature

-right now= 15°C (59°F)

-allows water in liquid form

Front 25

Greenhouse Effect

Back 25

-Some of the suns energy is absorbed by the Earth’s surface

-Some energy is reflected back to space

-greenhouse gasses absorb some of this energy. The loweratmosphere which emits some energy back to earth

-Earth’s surface is heated + emits energy towards space

-WhyEarth’s average temperature = 59°

Front 26

Gasses that are not greenhouse gasses

Back 26

-N2 (Nitrogen) ((Molecule))

-02 (Oxygen) ((Molecule))

-Ar (Argon) ((Atom))

Front 27

Greenhouse gasses

Back 27

-CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) ((Molecule)) (((Greenhouse gas)))

-leadinggas causing Earth’s avg. temp to rise

-H20

-notharmful but does contribute

-CFC’s-HCFC’s-HFC’s

-molecules are not rigid structures

Front 28

What infrared (IR) radiation does to molecules

Back 28

-causes some molecules to vibrate

-molecule can only absorb Infrared when it becomesunsymmetrical when it vibrates

-symmetric= cannot absorb heat radiation

-unsymmetrical= absorb IR (Infrared) radiation -aregreenhouse gasses

Front 29

CO2 structure

Back 29

O=C=O

Front 30

How CO2 vibrates

Back 30

- Moleculesthat have just two atoms, they vibrate by simply moving closer together andthen further apart. This is why carbon dioxide absorbs and emits infrared (IR)radiation, while nitrogen and oxygen molecules do not.

Front 31

What makes a vibration able to absorb IR radiation

Back 31

-This ability to absorb and re

-emit infrared energy is what makes CO2 an effective heat-trapping greenhouse gas.

-Not all gas molecules are able to absorb IR radiation.

-CO2 molecules can vibrate in ways that simplernitrogen and oxygen molecules cannot, which allows CO2 molecules to capturethe IR photons.

Front 32

Historic CO2 trends

Back 32

-relatively constant until 1860

-after1860= industrial revolution -1850 =industrial revolution

-August 1958- August 2016 = CO2 concentration graduallybuilding up to about 440 ppm

-some seasonal trends are apparent, but mostly increasing

-peak concentration = 280 ppm -recordheight in 2 million years

Front 33

Current CO2 concentrations

Back 33

-the current CO2 concentration is about 400 ppm

Front 34

Automobile CO2 production

Back 34

8640 pounds of CO2

-4.3 tons

Front 35

Observations and indicators of a warning world

Back 35

-GOING UP =

-Seasurfaces temperature

-Humidity

-Temperatureover oceans

-Sealevel

-Oceanheat content

-Temperatureover land

-troposphere(air temperature near surfaces)

-GOING DOWN =

-SeaIce

-SnowCover

-Glaciers

Front 36

Consequences of climate change

Back 36

-Higher temperatures • Changing landscapes • Wildlife atrisk • Rising seas • Displaced populations • Increased risk of drought, fire& floods • Stronger storms and related damage • Increase in heat-relatedillness & disease • Economic loses • Potential conflictsGݪAj

Front 37

Global response to increasing CO2

Back 37

-create protocols to reduce CO2

Front 38

Kyoto Protocol

Back 38

-US 7% GHG reduction

• European Union 8% GHG reduction

• Japan 6% GHG reduction

• Developing Nations No GHG reduction

Front 39

Paris 2015

Back 39

-first universal climate agreement

-limit temperature rise below 2

-publish greenhouse gas reduction

-help poorer nations

-carbon neutral by 2050- 2100

Front 40

Forms of energy:potential, kinetic:

Back 40

-potential energy (stored energy, energy of position) chemical energy

nuclear energy, stored mechanical

-kinetic (motion) electricity

light (EM)

Heat (almost every form of energy can be turned into heat)

Front 41

energy units: J, cal, Cal, watt

Back 41

-calorie (cal)

-1 calis the amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1°c

-Dietary Calorie (Cal)

= 1000cal = 1kcal -joule (J) < cal - 1 Jis the amount of energy required to raise a 1 kg (~2.2lb) object 10 cm againstthe force of gravity

-1 cal= 4.184 (J)

-toheat an average cup of coffee = 60,000 J or 60kJ

Front 42

Global energy consumption:

Back 42

-2014= 5.47*10^20 joules

-2015= 5.52*10^20 joules

-Energy

-Industrial(Production of goods) = 51% -Commercial(banks, commercial) = 12% -Transportation= 20%

-Residential= 17%

~20% in form of electricity

-70% =produced by burning coal

Front 43

Michael Faraday: (1791-1867)

Back 43

-1831 (Electromagnetic radiation)

-copper wires and magnets

-happenswithin generators

-coal= most abundant power source on Earth

Front 44

James Watt

Back 44

James Watt was an inventor and mechanical engineer whose improvements in steam engine technology drove the Industrial Revolution

Front 45

How electricity is produced

Back 45

Electricity for powering our homes is made in power stations. A power station contains large machines called turbines, which are turned very quickly. Power stations need large amounts of energy to turn the turbines. Most use heat energy produced from burning coal.

Front 46

W, kW, MW, GW

Back 46

-1 W = 1 J/s (power unit)

-1,000 W= KW

-10,000 KW=1 MW

-1,000MW=1 GW= 1,000,000,000 W

Front 47

Fossil fuels reserves

Back 47

-windmill =1.5-5 MW

-Hoover Dam can produce ~ 2 GW

Front 48

What is electricity?

Back 48

-electrons moving through a conductor (wire)