Chem 101 - Test 2/ Final

Front 1

Waves from high to low:

Back 1

radio, micro, infrared, visible, UV, x-ray, cosmic, gamma --> Goes from low to high energy, long to short wavelength

Front 2

UV: 280-380

Visible: 400-750

IR: 750-3200

Microwaves: 1m - 1000m

Back 2

length of wavelengths

Front 3

Visible acronym:

Back 3

ROYGBIV

Front 4

do electrons beyond the first feel the charge of the nucleus?

which element feels the charge of the nucleus?

Back 4

NO, they feel the effects of the attraction to the nucleus --> this is less

ONLY hydrogen, all others feel a mix of attraction and repulsion from the other electrons - outer electrons are also SHIELDED from attraction to nucleus by inner electrons

Front 5

outer electrons are ________ from the attraction to the nucleus by the innermost electrons

an electron is never at the ________ of its orbital

Back 5

Shielded

node

Front 6

________ means two orbitals are the exact same size.

As electrons are added, do they remain the same? Why?

The bigger the orbital, the more _______ it is

Back 6

degenerate

no, the size of orbitals grows as electrons are added. This is because of the forces between them (repulsion, attraction, etc)

complex

Front 7

________ is the ability of the other electrons to go into other orbitals, the higher the orbital, the _______ it is to do this for lower orbitals. This is because these electrons are more ________

Back 7

penetration, higher, shielded

Front 8

an s electron is bound ______ tightly than a p electron

Back 8

more tightly

Front 9

__________ is the tendency for atoms in the same groups to act the same

The three characteristics we are concerned with are:

Back 9

periodicity

ionization energy,

Front 10

_______ is the ability to lose an electron, or the tendency to want to become a cation

_______ is the ability to gain an electron, or the tendency to become an anion.

_________ the ability of one atom to steal another atoms electrons

Back 10

ionization energy

electron affinity

electronegativity

Front 11

a low ionization energy means that it is _____ to become a cation, it likely has (3):

Back 11

easy, weak effective or nuclear charge, heavily shielded, large atomic radius

Front 12

a low electron affinity has 3:

Back 12

high nuclear charge, lightly shielded, small size

Front 13

______ is the smallest atom, as you move from left to right, atomic radius gets ________, this is because of a greater __________

Moving from top to bottom, the atomic radius gets ________, this is because it has more________

Back 13

Hydrogen, SMALLER, greater effective nuclear charge which makes it tighter

bigger, orbitals

Front 14

electronegativity has: 3:

Back 14

low ionization, negative electron affinity, ...size? It is a combo of factors that are determined by the multiple forces of electrons in an atom.

Front 15

an equation where an electron is lost could be said to represent:

an equation where an electron is gained could be said to represent:

Note that the delta H will = this energy

Back 15

ionization energy

electron affinity

Front 16

the more electrons you try to pull out, the _________ energy required, this is because the first electron is ______ so it is easier to pull out

Back 16

greater the energy required, less shielded

Front 17

1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p, 8s

s =

p =

d =

Back 17

2

6

10

Front 18

______ electrons do the shielding, they are in the _____ orbitals

_______ electrons are not well shielded and are used in chemical reactions

Back 18

core electrons, s orbitals

valence

Front 19

Why does Aluminum lose electrons more easily than magnesium?

Back 19

It has a lower ionization energy, meaning that it is more highly shielded, and a weak nuclear charge

Front 20

*Write orbital diagrams for valence electrons, think about noble metals and whether the transition metals are in their happy, lazy states*

If it's possible to make it more stable, do so.

This applies to Cr family (column) and Cu family, which happens to be the rest of the noble metals

Back 20

see other side

Front 21

MEMORIZE STEPS of Born-Haber cycle and WHAT they mean:

Step 1:Sublimation of sodium,

Step 2: dissociation of chlorine,

Step 3: ionization of sodium,

Step 4: formation of chloride ion,

Step 5: formation of sodium chloride from ions.

Back 21

see other side

Front 22

The _______ rule overrides the _______ rule in drawing Lewis Dot structures. However, the latter should still be used first to get the general idea while the former is used to refine.

Back 22

formal charge, octet rule

Front 23

FC (X) =

Back 23

# of valence electrons - (1/2 bonding electrons + nonbonding electrons)

Front 24

A stable element has a formal charge of:

The element with ______ electronegativity will go in the center

Back 24

0

LESS

Front 25

________ are different versions of the same Lewis dot structure

_____ means same elements are on same side, _____ means same elements are across from each other

Back 25

geometric isomers

cis

trans - these are the difference between healthy fats and unhealthy ones, between potatoes and wood

Front 26

_______ is the difference between electronegativities

Back 26

polarity - this is what makes isomers react differently from each other

Front 27

________ is when you don't change the atom arrangement, but do change the bonding

Back 27

resonance

Front 28

you have to ask, can I rearrange the atoms to make isomers? can I rearrange the bonds to make resonance? and always using our rules of electronegativity and formal charge to determine which is the best.

Back 28

see other side

Front 29

Back 29

see other side

Front 30

Lewis, hybridization, VESPR is only for _____ bonds

Back 30

covalent

Front 31

_____________is the temperature/pressure condition where all three states exist simultaneously

Back 31

triple point

Front 32

For most substances, freezing point ________ as pressure increases.

Back 32

increases

Front 33

Every single point is the boiling point of water - YOU HAVE TO KNOW THE PRESSURE

Back 33

see other side

Front 34

_________ is when you can no longer distinguish a gas from a liquid.

The pressure at this point is _______

Back 34

critical point

critical pressure

Front 35

_______ and _______ are dependent on intermolecular forces

A strong force = ________

The lighter it is, the _______ the boiling point. The exception to this is ________.

Back 35

boiling point, melting point

high boiling point

lower, water