Chapter Two

Front 1

Define Sedentary

Back 1

: a mode of livelihood characterized by permanent of semi-permanent settlements.

Front 2

Define progress

Back 2

The idea that human history is the story of a steady advance from a life dependant on the whims of nature to a life of control and domination over natural forces.

Front 3

Define culture change

Back 3

The changes in meanings that a people ascribe to experience and changes in their way of life.

Front 4

Define bands

Back 4

a term used by anthropologist to refer to eqalitatian units of social organization, found mostly among foragers, that usually consist if fewer than 100 people. (30-100) Had to move for scattered food

Front 5

What served for social basis for bands?

Back 5

Kinship, then age and gender

Front 6

Define Slash and Burn agriculture

Back 6

: a mode of livelihood in which forests are cleared by burning trees and brush and crops are planted among the ashes of the cleared ground.

Front 7

Define clan

Back 7

(an unilineal descent group whose members claim descent from a common ancestor) of about 200-500 people. When leadership roles were established some groups were ranked of importance.

Front 8

Define states

Back 8

: A form of society characterized by a hierarchal ranking of people and centralized political control.

Front 9

define Irrigation arigriculture

Back 9

a form of cultivation in which water is used to deliver nutrients to growing plants.

Front 10

Lewis Henry and Leslie While explained the culture change was from

Back 10

wanting a less dangerous and more productive way to get food. If they planted it they wouldn;t have to look for it

Front 11

What are the three stages Lewis Morgan said societies went through

Back 11

1) Savagery

2)Barbarism

3)Civilization

Front 12

Define Industrial revolution

Back 12

A period of European history generally identified as occurring in the late 18th century, marked by a shift in production from agriculture to industrial goods, urbanization and the factory system.

Front 13

Define the putting-out system

Back 13

a means of production common in the 16 and 17th centuries in which a manufacturer or merchant supplies the materials and some tools to workers, who produced the goods in their own home.

Front 14

Define economic development

Back 14

The term used to identify an increase in level of technology, and by some standard of living of a population. Others view it as an ideology based on three key assumptions: (1) that economic growth and development is the solution to national as well as global problems; (2) that global economic integration will contribute to solving global ecological and social problems; and (3) that foreign assistance to undeveloped countries will make things better.

Front 15

Define world bank

Back 15

one of the insitiutions created at the Bretton Woods, New Hampshire meeting in 1944 of allied nations. The World Bank (or the bank of reconstruction and Development) functions as a lending insitiution to nations largely for projects related to economic development.

Front 16

Define International Monetary Fund

Back 16

Formed in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference to regulate currency transations among contries. The IMF now makes loans and regulates the economies of lending countries.

Front 17

Define biomedical mode

Back 17

: A term, also known as Western medicine, scientific medicine or modern medicine, that combines biology with the diagnosis and treatment of illness and that views the body as a machine, independent of social context, that must be repaired periodically

Front 18

Define Pathogen or vector

Back 18

an infectious agent such as bacteria or a virus that can cause a disease. An organism, such as a mosquito, tick, flea, or snail, that can transmit diseases to another animal.

Front 19

Define interpersonal theory of disease

Back 19

A view of disease in which it is assumed that illness is caused by tensions or conflicts in social relations.

Front 20

Define factory model

Back 20

an energy-intensive, ecologically damaging form of agriculture intended to grow or raise as many crops or livestock as possible in the shortest amount of time.

Front 21

Define Agroecological Approaches

Back 21

argticultural methods that incorporate indigenous practices of food production along with contemporary agricultural research yet preserves the environment.

Front 22

Define tribes

Back 22

political group that comprises several bands or lineages, each with similar languages and occupying a distinct territory—power usually in hands of a council or a big man system

Front 23

Mark cohen said foraging changed due to

Back 23

Population growth

Front 24

What were two problems with slash and burn

Back 24

1) needed large tracts of land

2) only worked if population and land remained constant

Front 25

Define chiefdoms

Back 25

Political unit of permanently allied tribes and villages under one recognized leader

Front 26

Define nation

Back 26

•groups of people who share a cultural heritage, language, political organization, history and governed by state political systems.

Front 27

To repay debt Brazil needed to: 2

Back 27

1) force small scale producers off their lands to grow crops
2) reduce social benefits

Front 28

Define capitalism

Back 28

•private individuals and corporations invest in and own the means of production.