Chapter Two

Front 1

Matter

Back 1

Is anything that has a weight mass and takes up space. all matter is composed of elements.Elements

Front 2

Elements

Back 2

Are the smallest unit of matter with specific chemical properties. living organisms require about 20 elements, of which oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen are most abundant. Elements are composed of atoms; atoms of different elements vary in size, weight, and interaction with other atoms.

Front 3

atoms

Back 3

Are the smallest unit of an element attractions between two or more atoms are called chemical bonds.

Front 4

Out of 92 elements How many are extremely important to humans?

Back 4

20

Front 5

List the elements in the body

Back 5

Oxygen

carbon

hydrogen

nitrogen

calcium

phosphorus

potassium

sulfur

chlorine

sodium

magnesium

Front 6

Which elements of the human body are the most important?

Back 6

Oxygen,carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen make up about 96% of our body.

Front 7

Calcium phosphorus potassium chlorine

Back 7

Calcium

phosphorus

potassium

chlorine

Front 8

What element helps with the thyroid?

Back 8

Iodine

Front 9

Where Do you find fluoride in the body?

Back 9

Teeth

Front 10

Where do you find iron in the body?

Back 10

Blood

Front 11

Nucleus

Back 11

An atom consist of a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons and electrons in orbit around the nucleus in shells.

Front 12

Protons

Back 12

Have a positive charge, and are about equal in size to neutrons.

Front 13

Neutrons

Back 13

Are uncharged

Front 14

Electrons

Back 14

Are much smaller than protons and neutrons, and have a negative charge. An electrically neutral Atom has equal numbers of protons and electrons. Atoms that gain or lose one or more electrons become charged and are called ions

Front 15

Ions

Back 15

Atoms that gain or lose one or more electrons become charged and are called ions

Front 16

What makes a reactive atom

Back 16

Atoms with incompletely filled outermost shell’s tend to be reactive, in order to form a stable outer shell of two or eight electrons.

When Atoms gain or lose electrons they become ions with a charge. Whether they gain or lose electrons depends on how many electrons they have in their outer most shell

Front 17

What makes an ionic bond.

Back 17

Oppositely charged ions attract each other and form an ionic bond.

From Crystal a raise, not molecules.

Formula gives the ratio of ions, not the actual numbers.

Sodium Atoms, for example, contain one electron in their outermost shells, they tend to lose one electron to form ionic bonds.

Front 18

Covalent bonds

Back 18

Are formed when Atoms share electrons, in order to fill their outer most shell out and become stable.

Front 19

Single covalent bond

Back 19

One pair of electrons shared between two atoms forms a single covalent.Example a hydrogen molecule is formed when two hydrogen atoms form a covalent bond by sharing a pair of electrons.

Front 20

Double covalent bond

Back 20

Two pairs of electrons shared between atoms form a double covalent bond.

Front 21

Triple covalent bond

Back 21

Three pairs of electrons shared between atoms forms a triple covalent bond.

Front 22

Polar covalent

Back 22

Some molecules contain a polar covalent bond, in which the electrons are shared equally, but reside closer to one of the atoms in the bond. These molecules with unequal charge distribution are called polar molecules.

Front 23

Hydrogen bond

Back 23

A hydrogen bond forms from the relatively weak attraction between the slightly positive H end of a polar molecule and the slightly negative N or O end of a nearby polar molecule.

Front 24

Molecule

Back 24

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms form a chemical bond. if atoms Of the same element bond, a molecule of that element is formed 02 is an oxygen molecule.If atoms of different elements combine the molecule is called a compound.

Front 25

Molecular formula

Back 25

Molecular formula

Front 26

Structural formulas

Back 26

Use single lines to illustrate single bonds, double lines represent double bonds, etiquette

Three dimensional molecule Models shows spatial relationships between atoms

Front 27

Chemical Reaction

Back 27

Occurs as bonds are formed or broken between atoms ions or molecules

Substances that are changed by the reaction are called the reactants those formed are the products.

Front 28

Synthesis reactions

Back 28

During synthesis reactions, two or more atoms or molecules bond together, forming a more complex product

A+B->AB

Front 29

Decomposition reactions

Back 29

During decomposition reactions, larger molecules are broken into smaller ones, by breaking chemical bonds.

AB-> A+B

Front 30

Exchange

Back 30

Occurs as part of molecules trade places by breaking chemical bonds in forming new ones

AB+CD->AD+CB

Front 31

Reversible reactions

Back 31

Are ones in which the products can change back into the reactants they are symbolized by using double arrows. Example hormones and glucose

AB+CD<-> AD+CB

Front 32

Catalysts

Back 32

Influence the speed of chemical reactions without being used up in the process, catalyst in the body are called enzymes. And enzymes are there to help.

Front 33

Electrolytes

Back 33

Substances that release ions in water out called electrolytes, these can carry electric charge in the body. When ionically banned substances are put into water, they disassociate, as the slightly positive ends of water molecules attract the negative ions, and the slightly negative ends of water molecules attract the positive ions, the ions then I interact with the water molecules instead.

Front 34

Acids

Back 34

Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions in water are called acids.

Front 35

Bases

Back 35

Electrolytes that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions in water are called bases. The concentration of H+ an OH-in the body are very important to physiology, since they affect chemical reactions that control many physiological functions.

Front 36

pH

Back 36

Represents the concentration of hydrogen ions H+ in solution.The pH scale runs from 0 to 14, and measures H plus ions concentration.

Front 37

What does a PH of seven indicate?

Back 37

A pH of seven indicates a neutral solution with equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide OH- ions

Front 38

What does a PH in the range of 0<7 indicate?

Back 38

Indicates the presence of more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions, and is considered acidic. The lower the pH, the more acidic the solution is.

Front 39

What does a PH in the range of >7 to 14 indicate?

Back 39

Indicates the presence of more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions, and is considered basic or alkaline. The higher the pH, the more basic.

Front 40

Acidity in PH

Back 40

Between each whole number on the pH scale there is a tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration. A PH of three is 10 times more acidic than a pH of four.

Front 41

Buffers

Back 41

Are chemicals that combined with excess acids or bases to help minimize pH changes in body fluid

Front 42

What are some basic bodily fluids?

Back 42

Mucous membranes, tears

Front 43

What are some acidic bodily fluids?

Back 43

Urine

Front 44

Organic molecules

Back 44

Organic molecules are compounds contain both hydrogen and carbon, many dissolve in water, but do not release ions, these are called non electrolytes.

Front 45

In organic molecules

Back 45

All other compounds are considered inorganic, they usually dissolve in water and release ions, making them electrolytes. Examples of common inorganic substances are water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts.

Front 46

Chemicals in nature can be divided into two categories

Back 46

Organic

inorganic

Front 47

Why are water substances so important to the body?

Back 47

Water is important solvent, and most metabolic reactions occur in water, a solvent is a substance in which other substances dissolved. Water is important in transporting solutes (dissolved substances) in the body, since it is the major components of blood and other body fluids. Water absorbs and transports hear through the body.

Front 48

Why is oxygen needed in the body

Back 48

Needed to release energy from nutrients, this energy is used to drive the cells metabolism.

Front 49

Carbon dioxide

Back 49

Released as a waste product during energy releasing a metabolic reactions.

Front 50

Why is salt important in the body

Back 50

Compounds consisting of oppositely charged ions. Salts provide necessary ions including sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, and Sulfate. These electrolytes play important roles in many of the body’s metabolism process, such as nerve impulse conduction, muscle contraction, and transport of substances across cell membrane.