Chapter 8: Middle Childhood- Ages 6 Through 10

Front 1

The School Environment

Back 1

Most children enter kindergarten between the ages of 5 and 6. Children can organize their thoughts, memorize, and use symbols such as the alphabet to represent sounds. They can count, recognize colors, and take turns.

Front 2

Children this age need:

Back 2

* to hear praise *encouragement and approval

Front 3

Children this age want:

Back 3

*to please others, especially their teachers

Front 4

Children in middle childhood can:

Back 4

*follow two-step directions building up to multistep directions usually by the time they complete second grade.

Front 5

Physical Characteristics and Growth

Back 5

Typical growth in height averages between 2-3 inches per year. Adequate nutrition affects growth, height is mostly influenced by heredity. Boys and girls are similar in size and shape.

Front 6

Although their physical growth in height is slow and steady:

Back 6

They often start gaining weight faster. Their left or right hand dominance is well established. Their coordination and endurance increase. Hand eye coordination increases.

Front 7

Facial Features:

Back 7

Around 6 or 7 years of age children start to lose their baby teeth. Approximately 32 permanent teeth replace the 20 baby teeth children lose.

Front 8

Gross-Motor Skills

Back 8

"Look at me!" Each new achievement makes you feel grown up and independent. *running, jumping, climbing, and playing catch.

Front 9

Fine-Motor Skills

Back 9

The muscles in children's hands developed rapidly and as a result holding paintbrushes, pencils, building blocks, or instruments become easier

Front 10

Nutrition

Back 10

Compared to childhood, school-age children are less finicky about food. Their taste buds are not as sensitive and some are willing to explore new foods. Nutrient dense foods are rich in vitamins and minerals and contain relatively few calories.

Hint 10

Front 11

Childhood Obesity

Back 11

Body composition describes the proportion of body fat to lean mass (muscle,bone, and water) in a person's body. Overweight is defined as a high amount of body fat in relation to lean body mass. Obesity is an excessive amount of body fat.

Front 12

Childhood Malnutrition

Back 12

Malnutrition is a chronic problem caused by a significant lack of nutrients within a person's diet.

Front 13

Sleeping

Back 13

Children in middle childhood are usually great sleepers. They require about 10 hours of sleep per night.

Front 14

Strains and Sprains

Back 14

A strain occurs when the muscles or tendons are overworked and become injured. A sprain happens when ligaments within the joint are torn. Strains and sprains can be treated with R.I.C.E. or rest, ice, compress, elevate.

Front 15

Types of Burns:

Back 15

Front 16

Common Choking Hazards for Children:

Back 16

Front 17

Cognitive Characteristics and Growth

Back 17

Children in middle childhood are able to answer who, what, when, where, and why questions.

Front 18

Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage

Back 18

Children tend to focus on one part of a situation, Piaget referred to this way of thinking as centering in his preoperational stage of cognitive development. Children sometimes struggle with the concept of reversibility which means actions can be reversed. Children also understand the concept of time such as today, tomorrow, and yesterday. Piaget called this stage the concrete operational stage.

Hint 18

Front 19

Vygotsky's ideas

Back 19

Vygotsky believed that children learn best through social interaction.

Front 20

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

Back 20

Proposes that people learn and process information in different ways. Differences in learning based on abilities or expierences are termed learning diversity. Learning styles are methods of taking in and processing information.

Hint 20

Front 21

Executive Strategies

Back 21

skills used to solve problems. Executive strategies involve assessing problems,making goals, and developing a plan to meet that goal.

Front 22

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

Back 22

Children in middle childhood are capable of making moral decisions. Is cheating on a test wrong? Some children may still be in the first level of moral development or post conventional morality. By latter years children enter the second stage of moral development or conventional morality "good" or "bad"

Front 23

Socio-emotional Characteristics and Growth

Back 23

Erikson describes his psychosocial stages of development, children in middle childhood are often in the stage of industry versus inferiority. Children becoming more independent and as a result learning more skills.

Hint 23

Front 24

Special Needs

Back 24

Hyperopia or farsightedness, an eye condition that results in difficulty sewing objects that are near. Myopia or nearsightedness,an eye condition that results in difficulty seeing objects that are far away. Dyslexia is characterized by difficulty understanding and recognizing letters, symbols, and sentence meanings.

Hint 24

Front 25

Special Education

Back 25

Mainstreaming is a term to describe the placement of special needs students who show the ability to keep up with the curriculum into regular classrooms. Inclusion is a term used to describe the placement of special needs students into a regular classroom despite their inability to keel up academically.

Hint 25