Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
thing we must ask ourselves from this point on |
1. is it jesus? 2. what kind of jesus? 3. Why is he represented the way he is? |
|
|
Roman Empire History |
Judaism= the oldest monothesitic religion around - convenant, moses, and the 10 commandants - part 1= the old testament/ torah - this is the first monotheistic religion that lasts although the eygptians tried this out - convenaatn is with Abraham - if you worship me I will bless you on earth and will get all kinds of rewards this was his message - moses a little later leads the jews out of eypt -moses and the people are lost and they walk up to a mountain they are essentailly lost how insecure they are about other gods |
|
|
The second commandment |
prohibits the making of images |
|
|
christianity history |
- before augustus in the 6th c - jesus is born to mary and a man named joesph - god sent a messenger named angel gabriel down to mary who was a young girl or a virgin to tell her that she was choosen to be the mother of child of god - helps earse sin nad mary is impreganted through the ear and through the word of god - jesus grows up to be their king and he is thought of as messiah that is taken seirously - this has to do with his message and the fact that he spoke to the majority not the minority |
|
|
Meeting with John the Baptist |
- he meets with this guy named John the Baptist - who already has a bunch of followers cleansing the soul by getting baptized - they get along well he baptizes him and this is thought to be that the person is born again - its a metaphor for the soul - he hears a voice in the river as this is all going down and he think its is god and tells him that he is the son of god -he is scared and wander the desert - son of god is jesus - moses is more of a prophet -he is a talker but also delivers the word of god and is god |
|
|
The trinity |
god the father, the son, and the holy spirit - they are all god but distinct in their own forms - this is known as the holy trinity |
|
|
candle light/ dove |
the holy spirit or the holy ghost more mystical |
|
|
Jesus ideas |
he talks about miracles and preaches - he talks about a forgiving god that is different than the one the jews talk about - he doesnt hate you - will reward you if you show devotion to god - this reward will come in the afterlife - to the weak and the persecuted he talked during a very hard time - he spoke of a loving god that will always fogive which is unsual to them - the intention and deepsa re both judged - feel bad in the hear then you wont be punished if there is true sorrow and acceptance of what was done - more suffered the better the chance to go to heaeven - most are going through harsh times so this is a great thing to talk about - his disciples help him gain popularity - they are somtimes called apostles - rumors say that he has miracles to prove this christianity |
|
|
these are symbols of christianity |
last supper, judas, crucifixian, entry to jersualam,descent/lamentation, resurrection, ascension, - he is a reformer - in jersulam for one temple for passover - they all want jesus because they feel their power being taken away from them the romans are scared of this man - the jews and the romans are both unsure about this whole thing - they feel he is a threat they question because they want to keep power - he has 12 best friends and 1 goes to the romans and tells them who he is this is judas - he says that he will kiss jesus on the cheek walk out of the temple - this is a sign of betrayal - they all look the same so they need clarification on who he is - go to dinner after this kiss and its passover there is bread/ matza and wine bread= the body of christ wine= the blood of christ - eat and drink in rememberance of me he says - they physically eat their god - judas hangs himself because of his betrayl and this is ultimate sin - jesus is kidnapped and arrested put on the cross to suffer and this is public and will suffer a while - his crime is INRI the king of the jews, or nazarith so they crucify him |
|
|
fire/flame/candle |
gods present, was present, or marys womb |
|
|
light through windows |
the presence of the holy spirit |
|
|
fish |
in part for the loaves and fishes - the greeks word for fish was X or Christ - gods son and savior - this was a really great way for secret groups to hide |
|
|
Chi-Rho |
X where the first letters= Christ of Nazarith |
|
|
alpha and omega |
these were the first and last letters of th alphabet - nothing else is holy except the word of god - and the text is also sacred - the word impreganted mary through her earc |
|
|
circle |
favorite symbol - eternal life and salvation |
|
|
we need to think two things |
- why is it represented in the way it is? - why wont he make eye contact?- because he is holy so there is no one holy enough to look into the eyes of god - often time he is seen as young to prove that he will always be youthful - there is also him as beared which is to prove that he is wise |
|
|
judgement jesus |
- this is to stop people from gossiping in the church - there was images of hell and judgement jesus there to remind people and force them out of talking badly about one another |
|
|
statues holding the lambs |
the greek one is in the middle- he has the archaic smile - is looking straight out to the audience - he is sacraficing the lamb |
|
|
two different jesus with sun |
- the one on the left with the chariot is helios/ sol and rictus - the other one is yellow is jesus |
|
|
jesus frequently puts up gang symbols |
- this is to show the holy trinity so he has his fingers almost in a shape of a three - he has has a jewjelwed crown behind him and a halo |
|
|
flame/fire |
symbol of the holy spirit |
|
|
313 the edict of Milan |
- constantine legalizes christianity - this may have to do with the fact that his mother was a christian and he learned it from her - he was anxious before a big battle and he heard a voice in his dream that was a sign you will conquer the world - this legalization changed the word for ever - people could come out of the catacombs and their homes and learn about this and practice - this changes and now associated with power and violence the original meaning is lost in some way becasue before it focused aroudn the poor and not it focuses on power, wealth, and violence - once he takes over he turn the chruch into a hieracrchy which is created by him - by the end of 4th C this is the official relgion those that were persectued are now the persecutors - images he is now often seen as having alot of power status, and wealth, with the colors of gold and blue royal colors |
|
|
Title- Basilica of Santa Sabina Location- Rome Date- 422-432 CE Material- brick, stone, wood= exterior is made of brick and stone, roof is wood, marble for the colums Meaning/Context-apse: or the place for the altar is oriented towards the east towards jersulam - there is a mix of stuff from different time periods - the last basilica was shown in the center of trajan for more of a practical use with law courts - they like these architectural space for a religious space - only one part is holy - asiles are the places for peopel to sit in - the women would sit in the back and they could barely see - the men would sit in the front and often times there woul be a curtain to divide them - plan is axial plan with bilateral symmerty - the church is set up that creates a sacred spae where leave the mundance world into a sacred space - they are supposed to create this sense of awe with incense and the preists themselves were very regal - they were and became visual symbols of power - they had the desire to create an empire - the preiests and pope wore alot of jewlerys - the cardinals wore read but these were very similar to the togas the romans wore in purple - the clerestory once was transparent stone from one time -the columns were corinthian - these were stolen from the pagan temple -spolia is taking things from other |
|
|
- the exterior is pretty simple and plain not very pretty - they created this with what seems like very heavy stone - this is intentional - there is a huge difference between the interior and the exterior - christian and byzantine art are all about the interior of the human being and it being about the reflection of the soul not the extern - the exterior is always temped to sin and to rot - the interior is what really counts - this is a concious decsion they do not like to depic the human form -spolia from the temple of juno borrowung thing the are used t knock it dowing and painting it - the three windows references the holy trinity - celerstory and mosaics as well - windows are allowing light in or god to come in and illuminatie -this to illuminate much like at karnak the marbles and mosaics and make them shine |
|
|
- as you approach the chruch and the doors you can see the scripture is on the front -would be able to connec the scripture with one of these visuals - the crucifixion/orants, women and the angel with the empty tomb, christ with the disciples, adoration of the magi, raising lazarous, moses in the descent, ascension of christ, resurrected christ |
|
|
Jesus history and why he was punished |
- he was punished because he claimed to be the king of the jews - on the cross and he was crucified - thik he wont die because he is gods son but he does die and this is confusing to many people - how could he let his own son die - adam and eve were the first to sin and now we all have original sin - headed to be the man/god and this would be the ultimate sacrafice that would earse original sin - followers want to give him a burial and them put a huge rock in fron of a tomb - the tomb opens and he is gone but he reappears in spirit form - he disappears on the 3rd day hangs out for 40 days - they touch his wounds this is known as the ressurection - then there is an ascension period of time - figure doesnt physically die dramatically inot heaven - there is a lamentation of christ that happens - there is a kiss of judas |
|
|
christianity |
- this was spread by his followers not a sepearte religion - there is the old and new testament - paul gets knocked down and he has an ephinany - return of christ seemed ot be imminent- they remember him saying he would come back and judge all the dead and living - they expected to see jesus - jesus cricifed the roman empire and caused alot of trouble - the cult of the state and agustus is startled and the jews - they dont know what to do with him - cant worship you - many are poor that do worship him - christians are marginalized not just because paying tax but it is treason until the 4th C - marytrs and relics - death is the punishment for treason - some christians want to be killed because jesus died and they want to die like their ruler |
|
|
marytr |
has holy bones, has preformed a miracle in his or her lifetime |
|
|
relic |
there has to be supernatural powers of some sort - |
|
|
characterisitcs of early chrisitan art |
- there is major evidence of appropration and syncretism which means he look like whoever has them in his hands - in ireland he has red hair and pale skin etc - known as late atiquity, this is somewhat private, combination of naturalism and abstraction from the late roman empire - funaerayr and didactic, biblical scenes, worhsips sumbols -prefiguartion - portraits of the dead peopel but it teacehs mostly from the old testament and early art makes sens becasue they grew up with a jewish background |
|
|
Abraham |
-he is asked to take his son to a hill and kill him - his son is known as Issac - this son is kneeling and he picks up a stone - as he picks up the stone he hears the voice of god that tells him to stop and that he was testing his faith |
|
|
jonah the whale |
similar story to jesus - he was thrown over board he gets swallowed by a huge whale and is in there for 3 days like the tomb and then spit out - this is similar to the resurrection scen and put out these stories in the catacombs |
|
|
the catacombs |
- these were underground tombs that were over 100 miles long catacombs= amoung the tombs they were excavated and they have subtracted structure - cubicula are the chambers |
|
|
cubicula |
chambers - seperated for different families not in locui with marble but the poorer people had the terra cotta tops |
|
|
loculi |
place for the corpse there is a sarcophagus and wet fresco much like pompeii style |
|
|
Title- catacombs of prisila Date- Late antique (200-400 CE) Location- Rome Material- excavated tufa (volcanic stone) Meaning/Context- excavated from under ground. She is a wealthy woman who had been a christian and a mayrty died for heer faitha nd doanted all her land - no everyone in her family was christian - greek chapel this played a huge |
|
|
One Fresco- BReaking of the Bread and Fish Meaning/Context- fish is jesus? and no one here is jesus - this is some sort of comunion where they are eating the body and the blood of christ - they are consuming god in order to be united with him - they are his followers and early participators in the catacombs dead unititng with god and they eat him in order to be unified with him - they could be women as well but this is less excepted - prefiguration that jesus will fullil then jesus comes nad fufills it to sacrafice you - this is a wet fresco |
|
|
- the virgin mary - women after she deid praying and communicating with god and saying that she is praying - she is suggesting her soul - she is staring to the heavens - this is an orant fresco and a contious narrative - dove and peacock and the naturalism - this is not real - not realistic but slightly abstracted and the body is very generalized on how it is protrayed hoovering in a blank space - its multiple scenes of the same person liek a lunet - the dove and an olive branch is a sign of peave but also a sign of the holy spirit - peacock is the immortal soul, jesus's ressurected body, because of the belief that peacocks body a are always beatuful even after death |
|
|
dove and olive branch |
peace and the holy spirit |
|
|
peacock |
immortal soul and resurrected body |
|
|
Title:good shepard medallion surronded by lunettes - in the cirlce its above all the orient -unbearded and youthful - looking jesus with a lamp, sheep, or ram - probably jesus and if not its the christian flock who love and follow jesus around - here he cares for his flock - agarian god which they borrowed from the romans - sacrafice give up some sort of producet - the greetst is jesus himself= he is seen as the sacraficial lamb at times - he wearsa roman like toga - and pointing to his righ this means blessed - and to his left this means its damned - the landscape is there to frame him |
|
|
matthew |
angel man |
|
|
mark |
lion |
|
|
luke |
ox |
|
|
john |
eagle |
|
|
olive branch |
peace and slavation eternal peace |
|
|
bread wine and grapes |
the body and blood |
|
|
dove |
peace but the holy spirit |
|
|
lamb./sheep |
god or his followers |
|
|
goats |
are damned souls |
|
|
fire |
presence of god/holy spirit |
|
|
cross |
jesus sacrafice and redemption |
|
|
fish |
jesus christ, gods son, and savior |
|
|
anhor |
hope/ salvation |
|
|
circle |
eternity |
|
|
Byzantine period |
5th- 9th C and beyond - the jesus cant make eye contact with the mortals and the on lookers becasue he is more powerful than the common man - they have alove of the mosaic because of its sparkly quality - jesus says no treasure but they give all these treasures and desires to him instead - he is often enthroned or twice enthroned in a seat and on his mothers lap - all is gold and dark purple - background is also gold to show that is is a sacred space - they favor symbolism over realism |
|
|
byzantine art |
- christianity is associated with power and jesus as an emporer - the emporer gives themselves alot of power in the church and the state - they have a love of icons wanted to look at these icons and they are not supposed to worship the images but rather god through the images out of an act of religious devotion - the act of creating art is an anyonmous devotion |
|
|
Title- Saint Apolinare Nuovo in Reavenna Date- 520 Ce - the holy trinity with the fingers and the fire/flame is the holy spirit - not firmly planted but floating feet - all the drappery and the wings are very detailed there is no attention the face and the individual - jesus is bearded so that he is seen as way more wise - exterior is the symbol of the human body and the inner body is way more important - basilica plan that we are used to - there is a processional mosaic with figures that seem to be in motiona and moving towards the apse -there are many figures of baby jesus looking old - young jesus as well and he is miraculously multiplying loaves and fishes - there is a last supper jesus and a reclinin symposium jesus - see jesus in all different stages of life - they really dont care about the naturalistic elements |
|
|
Title- San Vitale in Ravenna Date- 526 CE - this was taken by Justinian by the germanic tribes - rome, germanic tribes, justinians - they had power in the 6th C - the patrons: Eccelsisus, Archbishop Maximum, Justinian and Theodora - this is a central plan and an octagon - central plan with a sense of unity and eternity and immortaltiy - saw this type of central plan in the panethon - bytrassing the weight of the walls and they support them with squinches - axial is the more straight and more secular place - the interior is supposed to use the straight and more secualr pace - they are supposed to be dazzeled - the top apart is known as they gallery and the columns are so new and medevial - they are intentionally different in order to meet there mark - there would have been so many images - the lamb with the halo which needs to be jesus - the angels are standing on the orbs of teh earth and everyone is supporting him inteionally and the peacock is that of the immortal soul - the moasiac is of Abraham goign tto kill his son - has sex with the servan becayse he cant sarah is listeing in the meantime - she gets pregant with Isac tliek they say - jesus extends the wreath and the patron also really didnt want it |
|
|
nave |
center |
|
|
narthax |
the lobby - this is a transitional place that is still sacred but not the same or the same level |
|
|
asile |
is the outside area inside |
|
|
apse |
there is only one and its pointed towards the east in jeresualm |
|
|
squinches |
- stone lintel place acrsos an octogonal - |
|
|
santa sabina |
the doors are covered with wood - most of the images are of jesus christ and some are prefiguration jesus - everything is a plan except for the doors |
|
|
Byzantine Period (5th-9th C and beyond) |
- cant make eye contact with jesus because he is way ore powerful than the common man - they have a love of mosaic because of the sparkly quality - jesus says there is no treasure and they use these treasures for the gold of god - in one image he is twice enthroned once in a chair and on marys lap - all of the figures are in gold or purple and all of them just float in space - they favor symbolism over realism |
|
|
byzantine art |
- christianity is associated with power, jesus as emperor no longer humble man -imperial colors are gold and purple - unbearded and gold background - the emperor gives themselves signifigant importance and power and now the priests are appointed - the chruch adn teh state - they have a love of icons wanted to look at these icons - not supposed to worship images but can find god through the images which is an act of religous devotion - devotion is an act of creating art and its annonymous devotion |
|
|
title- Saint apollinare Nuouv in Ravenna Date- 520 CE Location- Ravenna Context/Meaing- holy trinity with the fingers, not firmly planted he is floating feet, flame= the holy spirit, all detail and drappery and wings - there is not a real focus on the faces - jesus is geared so he is more wised and learned - bring your attention to god - exterior is the symbol of the human body so it is important how it is depicted - human body is important - basilica plan we are used to - there are proecessional moasics that the figures re moving towards the apse showing wh would do in the chruch and what there power ws - there is a baby jesus that mary is holding on her lap - there is also a young jesus miraculously multiplying the loaves and fishes - the last supper jesus - jesus is reclining on a symposium - see jesus in all different stages of his life - the medieval dont care about the naturalistic elements |
|
|
Title:Saint apollinare Nuouv in Ravenna - the image of the people moving towards the apse - this is a movement and shows the power od the people in the church |
|
|
Title:Saint apollinare Nuouv in Ravenna - this is the image of the outside of the building and how there is much more going on - there is a less plain building in the front |
|
|
Title- San Vitale in Ravenna Date- 526 CE Location- Ravenna Patrons- Ecclesisu, Archbishop Maximan, Justinian and Theodora Context/meaning: taken by Justianian after the germanic tribes - Rome -> Germanic Tribes -> Justinian power 6th C - he campagins that the germans get out and forces them - the sophisticated roamn life they - money funeded and each person left their mark -central plan and an octagonal plan as well - there is a central plan with a sense of unity and enterenity and immortality - this was first seen in the pantheon - the octogonal plan with a nave in he center - the narthax is the lobby like part and this is the transitional place still sacred but not as much - aisle is the outside of the church - there is only one apse up in the front - narthax is still sperates and not as holy frutherest point from the holy apse: they are opposite so this is lesser in status - the children would be here when they had not been baptized - the butrassing took the wieght of the walls that were stone and put it elsewhere - the dome is supposrted by SQUINCHES ( stone lintel place across and octrogonal drum creating a base/support) -axial is the straight and more secular space- the interior dazzes they seem to have supernatural effect - there are 2 levels - the top part= the gallery - the columns are so new and medieval= taking the idea that has been used in the past and intentionally different to make their mark |
|
|
nave |
the center of the church |
|
|
narthax |
this is the lobby like place in the church - this the transition like area of the church that is less scared but still has some sacred power |
|
|
asile |
is oustide of the nave |
|
|
apse |
there is one apse in the front and center |
|
|
Title: the exterior of san vitale and the octogonal plan |
|
|
Title: San Vitale in Ravenna - there would have been so many images - there is one with a lamb with a halo which is jesus or the sacraficial lamb - the angels are standing on the orbs of the earth - everyone is supporting him - intentionally bad and peacock which is the immortal body |
|
|
Title: San Vitale -- intentionally bad and peacock which is the immortal body - this mosaic has Abraham kill his son= he has sex with his servant maid and she gets pregant with Ishamel is what they name the child - the angels come down - sarah lesitens and she gets preganat with Isaac like they say - god is the father so gods hand is coming down out of the clouds and is often tseen as thunder -he tells him to stop the sacrifice - this shows justinians power is more important- justinian fell in love with an actress and they are low ranked or often prostitutes- the meprie was scandelized when he took her for his wife- she did alot and made many changes- shes often seen or portrayed as a whore but she really seemed to care about christian values the chalice that would hold the blood of christ- never allowd ro women but fact holding near the apse is pretty radical - her robes have alot of magi and a story on them which is them going to give an offering- shes uncelar sometihng like an apse had a halo to prove that she is holy curtians and veils are like beards to hide things that are holy- the holy wter is for a baptism - there are her ladies in waiting and dont noramlly get ot see these ladies |
|
|
Title: San Vitale Mosaic (Justinian Mosaic) - here is a younger jesus on earth - he can heard the maker of the church and this is made by eccelesis -the patrons demanded to be named and recognized - he extends a wreath would distinguish him - this is all about the tortured body the angels all wear white to show their purity through the robes - the mary is pretty heaven= is pretty where as hell= tortured naked body - emperor justinian not juesus even though he is wearing an imperial robe- he paid for this and he wants you to know hes like jesus - wants others to now pay their tribute to him and glorify him - he is in charge and has a lot of authority - he is holding jesus as the bread basket for the cummunion bread - gold this is no ordinary bread basket and usually the preist hold the sacred body of christ - robes and the red shoes - foot covering another foot shows that he has alot of power - there is obvious power of the army and military power as well that is present - this is known as the justinian mosaic - there is secular power - the wise and learned are showing the republicans he hasnt had time to take a shower - the golden cross and the word of god which is the bible are both present - this bible is jewled to show how imporant this word is - they decorate this text in a beautiful way - word of god is super important - the cast has incense which displays what will go on during the procession - this happens in the nave - sprititual time rather than a real time - floating which shows that they are frozen in a symbolic moment |
|
|
byzantine art |
- this is 2d, symbolic, not much interaction with one another other than the feet, spiritual background, impersonal and stoic |
|
|
roman |
3d scene, naturalism, movement, human experience, worldly |
|
|
some greek elements |
such as shadows in the byzantine |
|
|
Title: Hagia Sophia Artist: Anthemios of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus Date: 530s Patron: Justinian Location: byzatine (Constaniople/Instanbul) Context/Meaning: largest chruch for a while - part axial and part raidal the dome is floating as if you are in the heavens - to ask god for forgiveness - not a theocracy but rather draws on the power of god to legitamize authority - there is religious conquest, religious propaganda adn new technologies - there are hanging medallions with arabic to show that the muslims had been there and the muslims had should have destroyed all the mosiacs but they did not - pagan- > christian -> to muslims - space to act our on spiritual and political conquest- they made all the crosses into stra - jesus and many of the other faces that remained were crossed out - there is red on the outside and in the middle of the building process of this building there was an earth quake -the plan was central and axial there was basilica attention to apse ad the up - its 230 ft by 250 ft rectangle and the dome is 107 ft in diameter - support system is the most impressive and new and they are called pendentatives ( speherical triangle dome that rests - the dome here is seen hidden - rests on the piers - half domes over arches - there is cross section and elevation - justinian for him to show hispower - the dome is so high - the dome is also on a square buliding with two hald dome done with a pendentative - triangle but its curved and slender at its points and the weight is thrusted out - didnt work at first the doem is now taller so the weight of the dome comes vertically down - the walls dissolve into light which gives this building a magical like effect - the mysticism of the space - 40 windows under the dome seems to be continuous - the light almost gives off a sense of perfection and the divine - emperor was also the head of the chruch and the political and spiritiual power - distracts our eye - not convere with gold mosaic - highlights the architecture - marbles across from the empire |
|
|
Christ as the pantoctor (all powerful) |
- he is powerful over all thigns chest up - holyest places look down on you - whips you into shap in hagia sophia in several forms |
|
|
Justinian, virgin and child, and constantine |
- capitoal to constantiople gifts the walls of the city to the baby and justinian gives hagia sophia to the baby putting himself in line with jesus - the greek world show she was his mother |
|
|
Icons: Virginand Child between the saints Date: 6th and 7th C Location: Eygpt Context/Meaning: painting someone who is holy and encaustic (not colored wax) on woo, icons small portable images of jesus and mary and or the saints |
|
|
Iconocalsm |
- 8th C maniscript byzantine - early 6th C pigment on vellum parchment (dyed purple; silver ink) - greek - 24 pages roman - parchment vergan baby animal skin - this is very expensive and took - used emeproors and family or nobility in order to claim the coor - greek whatever was going on then some images - the oldest surviving manusript - women in the red star |
|
|
Title: Rebecca and Elizer at the well - send by abraham to find a wife for Isaac - greco women nake a personification of the river to find a wife ofr Isaac - continous narrative roman and medical - seh coe to get wate adn think she is perfect for Isace part of her - stroy clothing that romana nd sharing - no accrualy of spac eand empahsis and symbolism |
|
|
Title: Jacob Wrestles with the angel - isreel who struggles with god - Jacob and wives and the servants are on their way - bribe making mpeace and get seperated from the family - the wrestle all night and he dislocatds his hip and walks with a limp , changes name to isreael or worldly desries its a metaphor for this - struggle with tempation - imperial all thes images - give salvation |
