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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Skeletal cartilage
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Contains no blood vessels or nerves
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Perichondruim
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Dense connective tissue girdle
Contain BLOOD VESSELS for nutrient delivery |
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Skeletal cartilages
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All contain CHONDROCYTES in lacunae and extracellular matrix
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Three types of skeletal cartilages
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Hyaline cartilage-Provides support flexibity and resilience
Elastic cartilage-similar to hyaline but contains elastic fibers Fibrocartilage-Thick collagen fibers- has great tensile strength |
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Appositional Growth
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Cells secrete matrix against external face of existing cartilage
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Interstitial growth
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Chondrocyes divide and secrete new matrix expanding cartilage from withing
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Calcification of cartilage
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Occures during normal bone growth
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Axial skeleton
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Long axis of body
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage |
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Appendicular skeleton
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Bones of upper and lower limbs
Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton |
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Functions of bones
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Movement-levers for muscle action so bones provide for movement but the MUSCLES ARE WHAT aCTUALLY CAUSE MOVEMENT
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Function of bones
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Mineral and growth factor storage
- CALCIUM AND PHOSPHRUS, and growth factors reservoir |
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Function of bones
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Blood cell formation(Hemotopoiesis)
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Gross anatomy
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Bone texture- compact and spongy bone
Compact- dense outer layer; smooth and solid Spongy (cancellous or trabecular)- Honeycomb of flat pieces of bone deep to compact called trabeculae |
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Membranes: Periosteum
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_Outer FIBROUS LAYER OF DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
_OSTEOGENIC LAYER abuts bone contains primitive stem cells- OSTEOGENIC CELLS _Many nerve fibers and blood vessels _ANCHORING POINTS for tendons and ligaments |
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Membranes: Endosteum
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_covers trabeculae of SPONGY BONE
_LINES CANALS that pass through compact bone _ contains OSTEOGENIC CELLS that can differentiate into other bone cells |
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Hematopoietic Tissue in Bones
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Red marrow
-Found with TRABECULAR CAVITIES OF SPONGY BONE AND DIPLOE OF FLAT BONES -adult long bones have little red marrow _HEADS OF FEMUR AND HUMERUS ONLY |
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Bone Markings
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SITES OF MUSCLES, LIGAMENT, AND TENDON ATTACHMENT on external surfaces
JOINT SURFACES Conduits for BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVES |
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MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
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Osteogenic cells
osteoblasts osteocytes bone lining cells osteoclasts |
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Osteocytes
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MATURE BONE CELLS in lacunae
Monitor and MAINTAIN BONE MATRIX |
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Osteoclasts
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Giant MULTINUCLEATE cells for bone RESORPTION
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Compact Bone
Osteon or Haversian sytem |
structural unit of compact bone
Elongated cylinder PARALLEL TO LONG AXIS of bone |
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Compact bone
Canals and canaliculi |
Central(haversian) canal runs through core of osteon
Contains BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVE FIBERS |
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Compact bone
Perforating (voljmann's) canals |
CONNECT BLOOD VESSELS AND NERVESs of periosteum, medullary cavity and central canal
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Compact bone
LACUNAE |
small cavities that contain osteocytes
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Compact bone
CANALICULI |
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and central canal
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Canaliculi formation
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osteoblasts secreting bone matrix maintain contact with each other and osteocytes via CELL PROGECTIONS WITH GAP JUNCTIONS
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Spongy bone
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Treabeculae
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Chemical compostition of bone: organic components
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includes CELLS AND OSTEOID
OSTEOID-1/3 OF ORGANIC BONE MATRIX SECRETED BY OSTEOBLASTS COLLAGEN FIBERS |
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Chemical compostition of bone : inorganic components
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HYDROXYAPATITES(MINERAL SALTS)
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Postnatal bone growth
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Interstitial(longitudinal) growth
-INCREASE IN LENGTH of bones Appositional growth - increase in BONE THICKNESS |
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Interstitial Growth: Growth in length of long bones
Result of FIVE ZONES WITHING CARTILAGE |
Resting(Quiesent) zone
Proliferation (growth) zone Hypertrophic zone (cartilage expanding Calcification zone Ossification (osteogenic) zone |
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Interstitial Growth: Growth in length of long bones
RESTING (quiescent) zone |
carilage on epiphyseal side of epiphysea plate
relatively inactive |
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Interstitial Growth: Growth in length of long bones
PROLIFERATION (growth) zone |
cartilage on diaphysis side of epiphyseal plate
rapidly divide pushing epiphysis away from diaphysis-->lengthening |
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Interstitial Growth: Growth in length of long bones
HYPERTROPHIC ZONE |
older chondrocytes closer to diaphysis and their lacunae enlarge and erode---> interconnecting spaces
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Interstitial Growth: Growth in length of long bones
CALCIFICATION zone |
surronding carilage matrix calcifies, chondrocytes die and deteriorate
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Interstitial Growth: Growth in length of long bones
OSSIFICATION zone |
chondrocyte deterioration leaves long spicules of calcified carilage at epiphysis -diaphysis junction
Spicules eroded by OSTEOCLASTS Covered with new bone by OSTEOBLASTS ultimately replaced with spongy bone |
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Interstitial Growth: Growth in length of long bones
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Near end of adolescence CHONDROBLASTS DIVIDE LESS OFTEN
Epiphyseal plate thins then is replaced by bone EPIPHYSEAL PLATE CLOSURE _bone lengthening ceases |
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Appositional Growth: Growth in Width
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Allows lengthening bone to WIDEN
Occurs throughout life OSTEOBLASTS BENEATH PERIOSTEUM SECRETE BONE MATRIX ON EXTERNAL BONE OSTEOCLASTS REMOVE BONE ON ENDOSTEAL SURFACE |
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Hormonal Regulation of Bone Growth
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GROWTH HORMONE
-Most important in stimulation epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and choldhood THYROID HORMONE - modulates activity of growth hormone - Ensures PROPER PROPORTIONS Testosterone and Estrogens at puberty - promotes adolescent growth spurts - END GROWTH BY INDUCING EPIPHYSEAL PLATE CLOSURE |
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Bone homeostasis
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Consists of BONE REMODELING AND BONE REPAIR
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Bone homeostasis: Bone remodeling
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Consist of both BONE DEPOSIT AND BONE RESORPTION
Remodeling units - Adjacent OSTEOBLASTS AND OSTEOCLASTS |
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Bone Deposit
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Evidence of NEW MATRIX DEPOSIT BY OSTEOBLASTS
- OSTEOID SEAM _Unmineralized band of bone matrix |
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Bone Resorption
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Is function of osteoclasts
-SECRETE LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES THAT DIGEST MATRIX AND PROTONS(H+) -ACIDITY CONVERTS CALCIUM SALTS TO SOLUBLE FORMS OSTEOCLASTS ALSO -PHAGOCTIZE demineralized matrix and dead osteocytes |
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IMPORTANCE OF CALCIUM
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Functions in
-Nerve impulse transmission -muscle contraction - Blood coagulation - Secretion by glands and nerve cells - cell divistion 1200-1400 grams of calcium in body -99% AS BONE MINERALS - Amount in blood tightly reulated (9-11 MG/DL) -intestinal absorption required VITAMIN D matabolites |
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Hormonal Control of Blood Ca2+
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PARATHYROID HORMONE(PTH)
-Produced by parathyroid glands - Removed calcium from bone REGARDLESS OF BONE INTEGRITY CALCITONIN may be involved Produced by parafollicular cells of throid gland in high doses lowers blood calcium levels temporarily |
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Negative Feedback Hormonal Loop for blood Ca2+ Homeostasis
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Controlled by PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH)
Blood Ca2+ levels PTH release PTH STIMULATES OSTEOCLASTS to degrade bone matrix, releasing Ca2+ Blood Ca2+ levels PTH release ends |
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Bone Homeostasis: Response to
Mechanical Stress |
• Bones reflect stresses they encounter
– Long bones THICKEST MIDWAY ALONG DIAPHYSIS where bending stresses greatest • Bones stressed when weight bears on them or muscles pull on them – Usually off center so tends to bend bones – BENDING COMPRESSES ON ONE SIDE;STRETCHES ON OTHER |
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Results of Mechanical Stressors:
WOLFF'S LAW |
• Bones grow or remodel in response to demands placed
on it • Explains – Handedness (right or left handed) results in thicker and stronger bone of that upper limb – Curved bones thickest where most likely to buckle – TRABECULAE FORM TRUSSES ALONG LINES OF STRSS – Large, BONY PROJECTIONSs occur where heavy, ACTIVE MUSCLES ATTACH – Bones of fetus and bedridden featureless |
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Results of Hormonal and Mechanical Influences
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HORMONAL CONTROLS DETERMINE WHETHER AND WEHN REMODELING OCCURS TO CHANGING BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS
MECHANICAL STRESS DETERMINES WHERE REMODELING OCCURS |
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Fracture Classification
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KNOW DIFFERENT TYPES OF FRACTURES AND HOW WE DESCRIBE THEM AND KNOW THE THREE DIFF CAREGORIES THEN DESCRIBE WHAT ITS CALLED
THREE"EITHER/OR" FRACTURE CLASSIFICATIONS |
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THREE"EITHER/OR" FRACTURE CLASSIFICATIONS
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– Position of bone ends after fracture
• Nondisplaced—ends retain normal position • Displaced—ends out of normal alignment – Completeness of break • Complete—broken all the way through • Incomplete—not broken all the way through – Whether skin is penetrated • Open (compound) - skin is penetrated • Closed (simple) – skin is not penetrated |
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Fracture Treatment and Repair
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Treatment
-REDUCTION - IMMOBILIZATION BY CAST OR TRACTION FOR HEALING |
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Stages of Bone Repair: HEMATOMA Forms
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• Torn blood vessels hemorrhage
• Clot (hematoma) forms • Site swollen, painful, and inflamed |
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Stages of Bone Repair:
FIBROCARTILAGEINOUS CALLUS Forms |
NO INFO
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Stages of Bone Repair:BONY CALLUS FORMS( HARD CALLUS)
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NO INFO
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Stages of Bone Repair:
BONE REMODELING OCCURS |
BEGINS DURING BODY CALLUS formation
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Homeostatic Imbalances
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• Osteomalacia
– Bones poorly mineralized – CALCIUM SALTS NOT ADEQUATE – SOFT WEAK BONES – Pain upon bearing weight • Rickets (osteomalacia of children) – Bowed legs and other bone deformities – Bones ends enlarged and abnormally long – CAUSE; VITAMIN D DEFICENCY OR INSUFFICIENT DIETARY CALCIUM |
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Homeostatic Imbalances
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• Osteoporosis
– Group of diseases – BONE RESORPTION OUTPACES DEPOSIT – SPONGY BONE OF SPINE AND NECK OF FEMUR MOST SUSCEPTIBLE • Vertebral and hip fractures common OSTEOPENIA IS NORMAL BONE DENSITY LOSS WITH AGE PEAK DENSITY AGE 30-40 FEMALES LOSE 8% PER DECADE MALES 3% PER DECADE |
