Chapter 38

Front 1

List four floral parts (wholrs) in order from outside to inside a flower.

Back 1

Sepal
petal
stamen
carpel

Front 2

Distinguish between complete and incomplete flowers

Back 2

Complete has all four organs(whorls) and incomplete is lacking one

Front 3

Distinguish between bisexual and unisexual flowers

Back 3

Bisexual flowers(Perfect flowers) have boh male and female organs)
Unisexual flowers(Imperfect flowers) has only one set of sex organs.

Front 4

Distinguish between monoecious and dioecious plant species

Back 4

Diocious plants cannot self-fertalize because different individuals eaither have staminate flowers or carpellate flowers.Monoicous organisms are defined as having both sperm-producing and egg-producing reproductive organs in the same individual

Front 5

Explain by which generation, structure, and process spores are produced.

Back 5

Spores are produced in the sporophyte generation(diploid) inside the sporangium through meiosis.

Front 6

Explain by which generation, structure, and process gametes are produced.

Back 6

Gametes are produced in the Gametophyte generation(haploid) formed in the archegonia and antheridia

Front 7

Name the structures that represent the male and female gametophytes of flowering plants.

Back 7

Pollen grain represents the male gametophytes and embro sac are the female gametophytes

Front 8

Describe the development of an embryo sac and explain the fate of each of its cells.

Back 8

One cell in the megasporangium enlarges and undergoes meiosis producing 4 haploid megaspores. Only one megaspore survives which continues to grow and nuckleus divides by mitosis three times without cytokinesis resulting in one large cell with eight haploid nuclei. membranes then partition this mass into a multicellular female gametophyte called the embryo sac.

Front 9

Explain how pollen can be transferred between flowers.

Back 9

pollen can travel by:
Wind
bees
butterflys
flies

Front 10

Distinguish between pollination and fertilization.

Back 10

Fertalization is the union of egg and sperm where pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to stigma.

Front 11

State the function of a seed coat

Back 11

Encloses and protects the embro and endosperm.

Front 12

State the function of suspensor

Back 12

Anchors the embryo to the parent plant. Helps in transferring nutrients to the embryo from the parent plant.

Front 13

State the function of an endosperm.

Back 13

Provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.

Front 14

State the function of a seed coat

Back 14

Encloses and protects the embro and endosperm.

Front 15

State the function of suspensor

Back 15

Anchors the embryo to the parent plant. Helps in transferring nutrients to the embryo from the parent plant.

Front 16

State the function of an endosperm.

Back 16

Provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.

Front 17

desribe the machanisms that prevent self-fertalization

Back 17

Plants have flowers that mature at different times or are structurally arranged in such a way that it is unlikely that an animal pollinator could transfer pollen from an anther to stigma of same flower. Self-incompatibilty is the ability to reject its own pollen.

Front 18

Explain how monocot and dicot seed differ

Back 18

Dicots retain their food supply in the endosperm and transfer them to the rest of the embryo where the seed germinates. Monocot has a single cotyledon called scutellum which has a large surface area and is pressed against the endosperm, from which is absorbs nutrients during germination.

Front 19

Explain how seed dormancy can be advantageous to a plant.

Back 19

Seeds will germinate once they have the right conditions and get a cue.

Front 20

Describe some conditions for breaking dormancy.

Back 20

Lots of water to wash away the inhibitors on the seed coat.
Vernalization is a period of cold before germination
Scarafication- Seed coat is very tough and must be scrathed or etched with acid.
Light cues- tiny seeds without much food energy

Front 21

Describe the natural mechanisms of vegetative reproduction in plants, including fragmentation and apomixis.

Back 21

Natural mechanoisms of vegative reproduction are
Fragmentation which is the seperation of a parent plant into parts that develop into a whole plant
Apomixis- The ability of some plant species to reproduce asexually through seeds without fertilization by a male gamete.

Front 22

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of reproducing asexually.

Back 22

advantages are there are no need for a pollinator, allows the plant to pass on all of its genetic legacy intact to its progeny.
No genetic diversity makes risk of local extinction if environment changes.

Front 23

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of reproducing sexually.

Back 23

Disadvantage: only passes on half of alleles.
Advantage: more survival in an unstable environment

Front 24

Explain how the technique of plant tissue culture can be used to clone and genetically engineer plants.

Back 24

Most techniques for the introduction of foreign genes into plants require a small piece of plant tissue or a single plant cells at the starting material. You can use this to combine plants to make new resistant plants.

Front 25

Describe two transgenic crops.

Back 25

Papaya is resistant to a virus.
Golden rice has beta caratine in it.

Front 26

Describe some of the biological arguments for and against genetically modified crops.

Back 26

Some believe there is an unknow health risks associated with the release of GMO into the environment. May create a superweed.

Front 27

desribe the machanisms that prevent self-fertalization

Back 27

Plants have flowers that mature at different times or are structurally arranged in such a way that it is unlikely that an animal pollinator could transfer pollen from an anther to stigma of same flower. Self-incompatibilty is the ability to reject its own pollen.

Front 28

Explain how monocot and dicot seed differ

Back 28

Dicots retain their food supply in the endosperm and transfer them to the rest of the embryo where the seed germinates. Monocot has a single cotyledon called scutellum which has a large surface area and is pressed against the endosperm, from which is absorbs nutrients during germination.

Front 29

Explain how seed dormancy can be advantageous to a plant.

Back 29

Seeds will germinate once they have the right conditions and get a cue.

Front 30

Describe some conditions for breaking dormancy.

Back 30

Lots of water to wash away the inhibitors on the seed coat.
Vernalization is a period of cold before germination
Scarafication- Seed coat is very tough and must be scrathed or etched with acid.
Light cues- tiny seeds without much food energy

Front 31

Describe the natural mechanisms of vegetative reproduction in plants, including fragmentation and apomixis.

Back 31

Natural mechanoisms of vegative reproduction are
Fragmentation which is the seperation of a parent plant into parts that develop into a whole plant
Apomixis- The ability of some plant species to reproduce asexually through seeds without fertilization by a male gamete.

Front 32

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of reproducing asexually.

Back 32

advantages are there are no need for a pollinator, allows the plant to pass on all of its genetic legacy intact to its progeny.
No genetic diversity makes risk of local extinction if environment changes.

Front 33

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of reproducing sexually.

Back 33

Disadvantage: only passes on half of alleles.
Advantage: more survival in an unstable environment

Front 34

Explain how the technique of plant tissue culture can be used to clone and genetically engineer plants.

Back 34

Most techniques for the introduction of foreign genes into plants require a small piece of plant tissue or a single plant cells at the starting material. You can use this to combine plants to make new resistant plants.

Front 35

Describe two transgenic crops.

Back 35

Papaya is resistant to a virus.
Golden rice has beta caratine in it.

Front 36

Describe some of the biological arguments for and against genetically modified crops.

Back 36

Some believe there is an unknow health risks associated with the release of GMO into the environment. May create a superweed.

Front 37

Defiine:anther

Back 37

the pollen-bearing part of a stamen.

Front 38

Defiine:apomixis

Back 38

Reproduction without meiosis or formation of gametes.

Front 39

Defiine:asexual reproduction

Back 39

Reproduction occurring without the sexual union of male and female gametes

Front 40

Defiine:biotechnology

Back 40

the use of living organisms or other biological systems in the manufacture of drugs or other products or for environmental management

Front 41

Defiine:callus

Back 41

A mass of dividing, undifferentitation cells at the cut end of a shoot

Front 42

Defiine:coleoptile

Back 42

The covering of the young shoot of the embryo of a grass seed

Front 43

Defiine:coleorhiza

Back 43

The covering of the young root of the embryo of a grass seed

Front 44

Defiine:fragmentation

Back 44

a means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.

Front 45

Defiine:epicotyl

Back 45

In an angiosperm embryo, the embryonix axis above the point of attachment of the cotyledon(s) and below the first pair of miniature leaves.

Front 46

Defiine:hypocotyl

Back 46

In an angiosperm embryo, the embryonic axis below the point of attachment of the cotyledons and above the radicle.

Front 47

Define:sepal

Back 47

A modified leaf in angiosperms that helps enclose and protect a flower bud before it opens.

Front 48

Define:self-incompatibility

Back 48

the ability of a seed plant to reject its own pollen and sometimes the pollen of closely related individuals.

Front 49

Define:scutellum

Back 49

the shieldlike cotyledon of certain monocots.

Front 50

Define:scion

Back 50

The twig grafted onto the stock when making a graft.

Front 51

Define:radicle

Back 51

The embryonic root of a plant

Front 52

Define:protoplast fusion

Back 52

The fusing of two protoplasts from different plant species that would otherwise be reproductively incompatible

Front 53

Define:pistil

Back 53

a single carpel or a grouped of fused carpels

Front 54

Define:monoecious

Back 54

having both male and female organs in the same individual

Front 55

Define:inflorescence

Back 55

a group of flowers tightly clusered together

Front 56

Define:imbibition

Back 56

The physical absorbtion of water onto the internal surfaces of structures

Front 57

Define:stamen

Back 57

The pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of anther and a filament.

Front 58

Define:stigma

Back 58

The sticky part of a flower's carpel, which traps pollen grains.

Front 59

Define:style

Back 59

The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.

Front 60

Define:transgenic

Back 60

Pertaining to an organism whose genome contains a gene introudced from another orangism of the same or a different species.

Front 61

Define:vegetative reproduction

Back 61

Cloning of plants by asexual means.