Chapters 3,4,5 Psych

Front 1

The process by which we receive, transform, and process stimuli is:

Back 1

Sensation

Front 2

An absolute threshold is:

Back 2

the smallest amount of a stimulus that a person can reliably detect.

Front 3

Other factors being equal, which sensory stimulus is LEAST likely to lead to sensory adaptation?

Back 3

The wail of a loud car alarm

Front 4

All of the following are true of cones EXCEPT that:

Back 4

they are less sensitive to light than are rods.

Front 5

Trichromatic theory suggests that:

Back 5

the retina has three types of color receptors—red, green, and blue-violet.

Front 6

Approximately how many teens show evidence of hearing loss, likely due to the use of earbuds to listen to music?

Back 6

1 in 5

Front 7

Which of the following are the chemical senses?

Back 7

Taste and smell

Front 8

Renee is smelling a rose. Its odor's chemical molecules lock into the odor receptors in Renee's nose. The resulting neural impulses then follow which path?

Back 8

Olfactory nerve to olfactory bulb to olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe

Front 9

Various species emit chemical substances called ________ that play (an) important role(s) in ________.

Back 9

pheromones; many behaviors

Front 10

Pain receptors are located in all but which of the following?

Back 10

Tooth enamel

Front 11

The gate-controlled theory of pain describes:

Back 11

how a pattern of nervous system activity results in either blocking pain signals or letting them through

Front 12

What is kinesthesis?

Back 12

The sense that uses information from sensory receptors to let you know where your body parts are in relation to each other

Front 13

The process by which the brain interprets stimuli and turns them into meaningful representations of the external world is:

Back 13

perception.

Front 14

In the process of sensation, the brain:

Back 14

transforms sensory stimuli into sensations.

Front 15

When Clara interacts with her sister, Shirley, Clara’s interpretations of Shirley’s behavior and comments are influenced by preconceptions and expectations from their previous experiences. Which term describes this dynamic?

Back 15

Perceptual set

Front 16

Bottom-up processing:

Back 16

involves assembling specific features of shapes to form patterns.

Front 17

Tony observes an oval bowl on a table from several different perspectives. Although the image on his retina changes, he continues to perceive the bowl as oval. Tony's experience is an example of:

Back 17

shape constancy.

Front 18

Brenda has only one eye. She is unable to use the depth cue of retinal disparity, which:

Back 18

provides cues to the relative distance of objects.

Front 19

All but which of the following are examples of monocular cues for depth perception?

Back 19

Convergence

Front 20

In an attempt to reduce his high blood pressure, Raoul is attached to monitoring equipment that provides him with information about his physiological responses. This information gives him cues to help him learn strategies to control his disorder. Which technique is Raoul using?

Back 20

Biofeedback

Front 21

Why are psychologists concerned with sensation and perception, areas which seem better suited to the fields of Biology and Physiology?

Back 21

Go hand in hand for everyday life reactions and psychology fields of study.

Front 22

Explain the gate control theory of pain and provide a detailed example that demonstrates the concepts.

Back 22

Pattern of nervous system activity. Bottleneck effect blocks out pain. Example: Ice packs.

Front 23

A state of awareness of ourselves and the world around us is the definition of:

Back 23

Consciousness

Front 24

Samantha simultaneously performs two different tasks, each of which demands some level of attention. Samantha is using:

Back 24

divided consciousness.

Front 25

Regarding circadian rhythms, which of the following is TRUE?

Back 25

Circadian rhythms are daily patterns of fluctuations in bodily processes.

Front 26

Other factors being equal, which of the following people should be hardest to awaken?

Back 26

Randy, who is in Stage 3 of sleep

Front 27

During REM, Monica is most likely to:

Back 27

have a long, detailed dream.

Front 28

Your psychology professor argues that dreams represent an attempt by the cerebral cortex to make sense of the random discharges of electrical activity that occur during REM sleep. What perspective best describes your professor’s comments?

Back 28

Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Front 29

Nadia frequently walks home without paying close attention to her route. This is an example of:

Back 29

divided consciousness.

Front 30

In Freudian theory, the actual events that occur in a dream are referred to as its ________ content, and the underlying meaning of a dream is called its ________ content.

Back 30

manifest; latent

Front 31

What is the most common sleep disorder?

Back 31

Insomnia.

Front 32

The temporary cessation of breathing during sleep is called:

Back 32

sleep apnea.

Front 33

In general, ________ is to REM sleep as ________ is to Stage 3 or 4 sleep.

Back 33

nightmare disorder; sleep terror disorder

Front 34

Regarding hypnosis, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Back 34

Hypnosis can lead people to commit illegal acts that they find repulsive.

Front 35

Characteristics of a highly hypnotizable person include all of the following EXCEPT:

Back 35

a tendency toward depression.

Front 36

The term “drug abuse” refers to when:

Back 36

a person’s health or ability to function is impaired.

Front 37

A depressant drug does which of the following?

Back 37

Dampens the activity of the central nervous system

Front 38

Regarding stimulants, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Back 38

All stimulants are illicit drugs.

Front 39

Who, of the following people, is at risk for inducing psychosis?

Back 39

Robyn, who abuses amphetamines

Front 40

Among teenagers who begin smoking, about what proportion or percentage will eventually die of smoking-related causes?

Back 40

One in three

Front 41

Beth has noticed that her nine-year-old son, Billy, has trouble going to sleep at night and frequently tosses and turns for hours after she puts him to bed. They could most benefit from which of the following recommendations?

Back 41

Beth should establish a regular bedtime routine for Billy and consistently guide Billy through this routine each night before bed.

Front 42

After repeatedly using a drug over six months, Elian’s body chemistry has changed such that it depends on having a steady supply of the drug. Elian has developed:

Back 42

physiological dependence.

Front 43

Which theory of the function of dreaming (unconscious wish fulfillment, dreams for survival, or activation synthesis) do you think is correct and why? Apply one of these theories to a dream you’ve experienced. (6-10 sentences)

Back 43

Due to the fact the brain still functions during sleep, and dreams represent previous memories, I believe the activation synthesis hypothesis is most accurate.

Front 44

What is the difference between substance use, substance abuse, and substance misuse? Provide specific examples of each

Back 44

Explain...

Front 45

Annie's cat purrs reflexively whenever she strokes his fur. She does so only when she gets home from work, sits on the couch, and turns on the TV to watch the news. One day, Annie turns on the TV news and the cat starts purring before Annie sits down to stroke his fur. Annie's cat has undergone

Back 45

classical conditioning; the pairing of an unconditioned stimulus, stroking, with a conditioned stimulus, the TV news.

Front 46

Classical conditioning is learning in which

Back 46

a previously neutral stimulus becomes capable of triggering a reflexive response.

Front 47

To achieve classical conditioning, you should pair:

Back 47

a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.

Front 48

In a typical classical conditioning experiment by Pavlov, a buzzer or tone serves as a(n):

Back 48

neutral stimulus that becomes a conditioned stimulus.

Front 49

Lydia sees a behavioral therapist to eliminate her fear of heights. After several sessions, Lydia is successful. A year later, however, Lydia's fear of heights suddenly returns. Lydia has experienced:

Back 49

spontaneous recovery.

Front 50

In classical conditioning, a conditioned response will weaken and eventually disappear if the CS is presented in the absence of the US. This is referred to as:

Back 50

extinction.

Front 51

Reconditioning occurs when:

Back 51

following extinction, a conditioned response can be learned again more quickly than it was previously learned.

Front 52

Stimulus generalization occurs when:

Back 52

the conditioned response is displayed following exposure to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus.

Front 53

When Salina was a young girl, a dog viciously attacked her as she was walking along a white picket fence. Since then, she displays intense fear of white picket fences. Her fear of white picket fences is best described as:

Back 53

a phobia.

Front 54

The process of learning in which the consequences of a response determine the probability that the response will be repeated is called:

Back 54

operant conditioning.

Front 55

Which of the following is the best definition of reinforcer?

Back 55

A stimulus or event that increases the probability that the response it follows will be repeated

Front 56

Presentation of a rewarding stimulus serves as ________, whereas removal of an aversive stimulus serves as ________.

Back 56

positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

Front 57

Velma takes headache medicine to relieve the pain. The medicine serves to remove the pain. This is an example of:

Back 57

negative reinforcement.

Front 58

Researchers use the method of successive approximations in the process of:

Back 58

shaping.

Front 59

In a ________ reinforcement schedule, a person receives reinforcement after different time periods, as opposed to a ________ reinforcement schedule, where the time periods are always the same.

Back 59

variable-interval; fixed interval

Front 60

Regarding punishment, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Back 60

Negative reinforcement is the technical term for punishment.

Front 61

Psychologist Albert Bandura believes that children learn aggression through:

Back 61

observing and imitating models.

Front 62

Amita was just grounded by her parents. She is not allowed to use her computer or cell phone, or watch television. Her parents’ method of discipline is best explained by which of the following concepts?

Back 62

Negative punishment

Front 63

Which of the following scenarios can best be described as an example of latent learning?

Back 63

Samantha has wandered through the downtown area a number of times without having a particular goal in mind. When she is asked to take a friend to a particular restaurant in that neighborhood, she almost immediately picks the shortest route.

Front 64

Which of the following scenarios can best be described as an example of observational learning?

Back 64

Jason has a flat tire while driving on a country road. He remembers having seen his dad change a flat tire before, so he doesn’t hesitate to attempt the task himself. He is successful in the attempt and is soon on his way again.

Front 65

When teaching or training a child (or a pet), is punishment or positive reinforcement a better option? Why? Use the information from your book and the lecture to support your position

Back 65

Positive reinforcement.

Front 66

Provide the step by step process of how you might use classical and operant conditioning techniques (provide an example for each) to change the behavior of another human being (a classmate, a friend, your psychology instructor, a stranger, etc.). Please be specific with your step by step process

Back 66

Fear of snakes. Study and high test scores.