Chapter 3 Holt Sociology Cultural Conformity And Adaptation

Front 1

What is self-fulfillment?

Back 1

a commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential

Front 2

What is narcissism?

Back 2

Extreme self-centeredness

Front 3

Who was Robin M. Williams?

Back 3

A sociologist who study identified a set of 15 core American values

Front 4

What are some of the traditional American values identified by Robin M. Williams?

Back 4

Personal achievement, Individualism, Work, Morality & Humanitarianism, Efficiency & Practicality, Progress & Material Comfort, Equality & Democracy, Freedom, Nationalism & Patriotism, Science & Rationality and Racial & Group Superiority

Front 5

Who was James M. Henslin?

Back 5

He was another sociologist that studied American values. He suggested additional values such as education, religion, and romantic love.

Front 6

Who was Christopher Lasch?

Back 6

He was a social historian that wrote the book "The Culture of Narcissism" that considers the emphasis on personal self-fulfillment a personality disorder called narcissism. p47

Front 7

Who was Daniel Bell?

Back 7

He was a sociologist that also saw danger in the focus on the self. He felt it weakened the established values of hard work and moderation and threatened the stability of the capitalist system. p48

Front 8

Who was Daniel Yankelovich?

Back 8

A psychologist and survey researcher who viewed a shit toward self-fulfillment as a beneficial change. He view it as movement away from material gain. p48

Front 9

What is internalization?

Back 9

the process by which a norm becomes part of an individual's personality

Front 10

What are sanctions?

Back 10

rewards of punishments used to enforce conformity to norms (They can be positive or negative and informal or formal)

Front 11

What are a positive sanctions?

Back 11

Positive sanctions are rewards, such as smiles, to reinforce desired behavior.

Front 12

What are negative sanctions?

Back 12

Negative sanctions are punishments, such as imprisonment, to discourage undesired behavior

Front 13

What are formal sanctions?

Back 13

rewards or punishments given by a formal organization or regulatory agency, such as a school, business or government.

Front 14

What are informal sanctions?

Back 14

Spontanious expressions of approval or disapproval given by an individual or group

Front 15

What are some examples of positive informal sanctions?

Back 15

Positive informal sanctions include standing, ovations, compliments, smiles, pats on the back, and gifts.

Front 16

What are some examples of negative informal sanctions?

Back 16

Negative informal sanction include, frowns, gossip, rebukes, insults, ridicule, and ostracism.

Front 17

What is social control?

Back 17

Social control is the enforcingt of norms through either internal or external means

Front 18

What are the two basic ways in which the norms of society are enforced?

Back 18

through internalization and sanctions

Front 19

What is an idealogy?

Back 19

a system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group or by society

Front 20

What is a social movement?

Back 20

a long term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change. Social movements usually involve large numbers of people. p54

Front 21

What are some examples of social movements?

Back 21

Examples of social movements include the prohibition movement, the women's rights movement, the peace movement, the gay rights movement, and the civil rights movement. p56 (other examples are possible)

Front 22

What are 6 sources of social change addressed by your textbook?

Back 22

Values and Beliefs, Technology, Population, Diffusion, Physical Environment, War and Conquests pp55-58

Front 23

What is technology (as it relates to social change)?

Back 23

the knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment p56

Front 24

What are two ways that technologies arise within a soicety?

Back 24

Through discovery and invention p56

Front 25

What does the term discovery mean as it relates to new forms of technology?

Back 25

Discovery occurs when people recognized new uses for existing elements in the world or begin to understand them in new ways p57

Front 26

What are some examples of discoveries?

Back 26

Examples of discoveries include atomic fission, chewing gum, and oil shale.

Front 27

What does the term invention mean?

Back 27

Invention occurs when people use existing knowledge to create something that did not previously exist. Inventions can take the form of material objects, ideas, or patterns or behavior. p56

Front 28

What are some examples of inventions? (material and nonmaterial)

Back 28

New tools, such as gadgets to take the pits out of cherries or a computer small enough to fit in your hand, are examples of material inventions. Examples of non material inventions include political movements, religious movements, new hobbies, and business organizations. p56

Front 29

What is diffusion?

Back 29

the process of spreading culture traits from one society to another p57

Front 30

What is reformulation?

Back 30

the process of adapting borrowed cultural traits p57

Front 31

What are some reasons that people resist cultural change?

Back 31

Ethnocentrism, cultural lag, and vested interests are among the reasons that people resist cultural change. pp58-61

Front 32

What is ethnocentrism?

Back 32

the tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups

Front 33

What is cultural lag?

Back 33

situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture p60

Front 34

What is a vested interest?

Back 34

when a person (or group) is satisfied with the way things are, they think that is better than the unknown, they may resist any change that threatens their security or standard of living

Front 35

What are the core values outlines by Robin M. Williams and James M. Henslin?

Back 35

personal achievement, individualism, work, morality and humanitarianism, efficiency and practicality, progress and material comfort, equality and democracy, freedom, nationalism and patriotism, science and rationality, racial and group superiority, education, religion, romantic love

Front 36

What new American values have emerged in recent years?

Back 36

self-fulfillment and concern for the environment

Front 37

What are two methods through which society enforces norms?

Back 37

internalization and sanctions

Front 38

Explain the difference between positve sanctions and negative sanction by giving an example of each.

Back 38

Positive sanctions are rewards such as smiles, to reinforce desired behavior. Negative sanctions are punishments, such as imprisonment, to discourage undesired behavior. (many possible examples)

Front 39

What role do government policies play in enforcing cultural values and social norms?

Back 39

government policies provide formal sanctions, such as laws, to enforce values and norms

Front 40

How are civil rights movement and the women's rights movement examples of social change?

Back 40

These movements produced changes in idealogies, laws and policies, and politics.