Chapter 28 Ap History

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Potsdam Conference

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Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States. nations represented by Joseph Stalin, Prime Ministers Winston Churchill , and President Harry S. Truman.goals of the conference also included the establishment of post-war order, peace treaties issues, and countering the effects of war.

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Adlai Stevenson

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He served as the 31st Governor of Illinois, and received the Democratic Party's nomination for president in 1952 and 1956; both times he was defeated by Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower. He sought the Democratic presidential nomination for a third time in the election of 1960, but was defeated by Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts.

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McCarthyism – Joseph McCarthy

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term used to describe the making of accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence.United States known as the Second Red Scare, lasting roughly from the late 1940s to the late 1950s and characterized by heightened fears of communist influence on American institutions and espionage by Soviet agents. Senator McCarthy became the most visible public face of a period in which Cold War tensions fueled fears of widespread Communist subversionmaking claims that there were large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the United States federal government and elsewhere. McCarthy's tactics and inability to substantiate his claims led him to be censured by the United States Senate.

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Taft Hartley Act

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monitors the activities and power of labor unions. amended the National Labor Relations Act

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Lend Lease Aid

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TheAmericans denied the request of the Soviets to send Lend Lease aid as a tactic to wear them down.

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“Self Determination’

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the principle in international law, that nations have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or external interference. the Russians were against Europe's self determination after WWII but America fought for it.

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Douglas MacArthur

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South Korean forces under MacArthur's command. He helped to push back the North Koreans when they had all but won, and also led the S.K in a failed attempt to reach beyond the 38th parallel.

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1948 Election

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President Harry S. Truman would be defeated by Republican Thomas E. Dewey. Truman won, overcoming a three-way split in his own party. Truman's surprise victory was the fifth consecutive win for the Democratic Party in a presidential election Harry S. Truman Thomas E. Dewey Strom Thurmon

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NATO

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is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party.

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Iron Curtain

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symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1989. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances:

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Sputnik

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robotic spacecraft missions launched by the Soviet Union. The first of these, Sputnik 1, launched the first human-made object to orbit the Earth. That launch took place on October 4, 1957 as part of the International Geophysical Year and demonstrated the viability of using artificial satellites to explore the upper atmosphere. scared the crap out of the US and essentially was the flame to gunpowder of the spacerace

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Mao Tse-Tung

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, was a Chinese revolutionary, political theorist and communist leader. He led the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism-Leninism, military strategies, and his brand of Communist policies are now collectively known as Maoism.

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Chiang Kai-Sheik

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He was an influential member of the nationalist party Kuomintang (KMT) and Sun Yat-sen's close ally. He became the Commandant of Kuomintang's Whampoa Military Academy and took Sun's place in the party when the latter died in 1925. In 1928, Chiang led the Northern Expedition to unify the country, becoming China's overall leader.

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Andrei Gromyko

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was a Soviet statesman from the beginning to the end of the Cold War. He served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR from 1957 to 1985, and as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, from 1985 to 1987. Gromyko was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy. He retired in 1987

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George Kennan

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was an American advisor, diplomat, political scientist, and historian, best known as "the father of containment" and as a key figure in the emergence of the Cold War. He later wrote standard histories of the relations between Russia and the Western powers.

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Dean Acheson

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was an American statesman and lawyer. As United States Secretary of State in the administration of President Harry S. Truman from 1949 to 1953, he played a central role in defining American foreign policy during the Cold War.Acheson helped design the Marshall Plan and played a central role in the development of the Truman Doctrine and creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

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George Marshall

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was an American military leader, Chief of Staff of the Army, Secretary of State, and the third Secretary of Defense. Once noted as the "organizer of victory" by Winston Churchill for his leadership of the Allied victory in World War II, Marshall served as the United States Army Chief of Staff during the war and as the chief military adviser to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. As Secretary of State, his name was given to the Marshall Plan

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Bernard Baruch

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In 1946 he was appointed the United States representative to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) by President Harry S. Truman. On Friday, June 14, 1946, Baruch presented his Baruch Plan, a modified version of the Acheson–Lilienthal plan, to the UNAEC, which proposed international control of then-new atomic energy.The Soviet Union rejected Baruch's proposal as unfair given the fact that the U.S. already had nuclear weapons

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ICBM’s

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a ballistic missile with a long range (greater than 5,500 km or 3,500 miles) typically designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more nuclear warheads). Due to their great range and firepower, in an all-out nuclear war, land-based and submarine-based ballistic missiles would carry most of the destructive force, with nuclear-armed bombers having the remainder.

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Francis Gary Powers (U-2 Incident) (“Open Skies”)

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as an American pilot whose CIA U-2 spy plane was shot down while flying a reconnaissance mission over Soviet Union airspace, causing the 1960 U-2 incident....U-2:a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down over Soviet Union airspace. The United States government at first denied the plane's purpose and mission, but then was forced to admit its role as a covert surveillance aircraft...Open air:international policy concept which calls for the liberalization of rules and regulations on international aviation industry most specially commercial aviation - opening a free market for the airline industry.

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Ho Chi Minh

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Hồ led the Viet Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 and defeating the French Union in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu.

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Gamal Nasser

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as the second President of Egypt from 1956 until his death.

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Suez Crisis

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Egypt's Suez canal equivalent to Panama canal issue. France and Britain had holdkings and wanted control. Israel invade egypt and battles ensue. UN and US help resolve issue and canal is reopened w/ Egypt in control.

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Marshall Plan

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United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger economic foundation for the countries of Europe. The initiative was named after Secretary of State George Marshall

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Containment

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United States policy using military, economic, and diplomatic strategies to stall the spread of communism, enhance America’s security and influence abroad, and prevent a "domino effect. don't defeat communism contain it.

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National Security Act 1947

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reorganized the U.S. Armed Forces, foreign policy, and Intelligence Community apparatus in the aftermath of World War II. merged the Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment, headed by the Secretary of Defense. It was also responsible for the creation of a separate Department of the Air Force from the existing Army Air Forces. Initially, each of the three service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet statu

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National Security Council

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responsible for coordinating policy on national security issues and advising chief executives on matters related to national security. An NSC is often headed by a national security advisor and staffed with senior-level officials from military, diplomatic, intelligence, law enforcement and other governmental bodies. The functions and responsibilities of an NSC at the strategic state level are different from those of the United Nations Security Council, which is more of a diplomatic forum.

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NSC – 68

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called for significant peacetime military spending, in which the U.S. possessed "superior overall power" and "in dependable combination with other like-minded nations." It calls for a military capable of. * Defending the Western Hemisphere and essential allied areas in order that their war-making capabilities can be developed Providing and protecting a mobilization base while the offensive forces required for victory were being built up;Conducting offensive operations to destroy vital elements of the Soviet war-making capacity, and to keep the enemy off balance until the full offensive strength of the United States and its allies can be brought to bear Defending and maintaining the lines of communication and base areas necessary to the execution of the above tasks; and
* Providing such aid to allies as is essential to the execution of their role in the above tasks.

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Nikita Khrushchev

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led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the [[[Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)|Council of Ministers]], or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.

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Vietminh

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a national independence movement founded in South China on May 19, 1941 . The Việt Minh initially formed to seek independence for Vietnam from the French Empire. When the Japanese occupation began, the Việt Minh opposed Japan with support from the United States and the Republic of China. After the Second World War, the Việt Minh opposed the re-occupation of Vietnam by France and later opposed the United States in the Vietnam War.

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Military Industrial Complex

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The two remaining powers, the United States and the Soviet Union, grew suspicious and hostile toward one another in a period known as the Cold War. This 45-year period of low-intensity, unconventional conflict between the two superpowers, overshadowed by the constant threat of a potential nuclear conflict reinforced the need for constant procurement of military goods and services including large naval, air, and land forces. Thus birthed the military industrial complex in the United States.

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Election of 1952

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Unpopular incumbent President Harry S. Truman decided not to run, so the Democratic Party instead nominated Governor Adlai Stevenson of Illinois; Stevenson had gained a reputation in Illinois as an intellectual and eloquent orator. The Republican Party countered with popular war hero General Dwight D. Eisenhower and won in a landslide, ending 20 consecutive years of Democratic control of the White House

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Klaus Fuchs

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was a German theoretical physicist and atomic spy who in 1950 was convicted of supplying information from the American, British and Canadian atomic bomb research (the Manhattan Project) to the USSR during and shortly after World War II. While at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Fuchs was responsible for many significant theoretical calculations relating to the first fission weapons and later, the early models of the hydrogen bomb, the first fusion weapon

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Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

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were American communists who were executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage. The charges related to passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. This was the first execution of civilians for espionage in United States history

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38th Parallel

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Imaginary line splitting N and S Korea, crossed first by N and then pushed back and through by S during KWar. still in place today and guarded really heavily.

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Kim Il-Sung

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was a Korean communist politician who led North Korea from its founding in 1948 until his death in 1994.he ruled the nation with autocratic power and established an all-pervasive cult of personality. From the mid-1960s, he promoted his self-developed Juche variant of communist national organisation

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Berlin Airlift

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as one of the first major international crises of the Cold War and the first resulting in casualties. During the multinational occupation of post-World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway and road access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food and fuel, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over the entire city. President called S.U.'s bluff and airlifted supplies to the citizens.

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Truman Doctrine

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policy set forth by U.S. President Harry S Truman on March 12, 1947 stating that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere.

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Alger Hiss

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was an American lawyer, civil servant, businessman, author, and lecturer. He was involved in the establishment of the United Nations both as a U.S. State Department and UN official. Hiss was accused of being a Soviet spy in 1948 and convicted of perjury in connection with this charge in 1950.

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Council of Economic Advisers

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group of three economists who advise the President of the United States on economic policy It is a part of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, and provides much of the economic policy of the White House. The council prepares the annual Economic Report of the President.

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John Foster Dulles

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served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world. He advocated support of the French in their war against the Viet Minh in Indochina and it is widely believed that he refused to shake the hand of Zhou Enlai at the Geneva Conference in 1954.He also played a major role in the Central Intelligence Agency operation to overthrow the democratic Mossadegh government of Iran in 1953 and the democratic Arbenz government of Guatemala in 1954

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CIA

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created by Congress with the passage of the National Security Act of 1947, signed into law by President Harry S. Truman.The CIA overthrew a democratically elected government for the first time during Operation Ajax, after Iran moved to take control of its petroleum reserves. Some of the largest operations were aimed at Cuba after the overthrow of the Batista dictatorship, including assassination attempts against Fidel Castro and the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion.