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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Systemic vessels
(Peripheral Circulatory System) |
Transport blood through most all body parts from left ventricle and back to right atrium
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Pulmonary vessels
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Transport blood from right ventricle through lungs and back to left atrium
*On the RIGHT side |
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Arteries are ______________ blood.
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oxygenated
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Pulmonary artery is _____________ blood.
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deoxygenated
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Vena cava is ____________ blood.
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deoxygenated
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Function of pulmonary circulation
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take deoxygenated blood and oxygenate it.
Takes blood to lungs, then to heart, then to body. |
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How does blood leave the heart for systemic circulation?
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Via the aorta.
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3 types of structures of arteries:
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elastic, muscular, arterioles
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Muscular and arteriole arteries have ___ elasticity and ____ muscularity.
Why? |
low elasticity
high muscularity- can vasoconstrict to maintain BP. |
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2 characteristics of elastic arteries:
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can stretch
have muscle |
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The aorta is an ______ artery.
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elastic- due to high volume of blood coming out of the heart at great force.
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As the diameter of the artery increases, its structural property is:
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muscular
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What do capillary vessels interface with?
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cells & interstitial fluid
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Capillaries
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Blood flows from arterioles to capillaries
Most of exchange between blood and interstitial spaces occurs across the walls Blood flows from capillaries to venous system |
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Structural characteristics of veins
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high elasticity, low muscularity
*Also have valves to prevent back flow of blood |
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Most of the blood in the body is stored in the ______ system.
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venous
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How many layers of walls does a capillary have?
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1, mostly endothelial (or epithelial)
endothelial cells are specific to blood vessels. |
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What is happening when the capillary network is ACTIVELY metabolizing?
(local control) |
- Producing more waste
-metarterioles: vasodialation -precapillary sphincters: open |
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What is happening when capillary network is LOW metabolizing?
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- Producing small amount of waste
-metarterioles: vasoconstriction -precapillary sphincters: closed |
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What is the function of arterioles, metarterioles, and precapillary sphincters?
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Regulate flow through capillary beds.
Capillary beds can't regulate flow on their own. |
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Identify: arteriole, metarteriole, pre-capillary sphincter
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areteriole, metarteriole, precapillary sphincter
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Label Tunica adventitia, tunica media, tunica intima
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Layers are wrong on slide. Swap Intima for Media and media for Intima.
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Arteries and veins all have three layers except for:
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capillaries and venules
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Tunica intima
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Endothelium
Most apical Capillary has protective epithelium (this is the only layer a capillary has) |
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Tunica media
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Responsible for:
Vasoconstriction Vasodilation |
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Tunica adventitia
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-Most basal layer.
-Furthest away from lumen. -Routing nerve and blood vessels to vessel walls. |
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Elastic arteries
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Largest diameters, pressure high and fluctuates
Have capacity to maintain BP. Ex: Aorta |
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Muscular arteries
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Maintain BP.
Have great ability to vasoconstrict. Low elasticity. |
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Arterioles
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Transport blood from small arteries to capillaries
Low elasticity. |
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Structure of Veins
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Highly elastic so they can stretch & hold high volume of blood.
Have valves to prevent back flow. |
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What is the biggest difference in layers between veins and arteries?
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The tunica media
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Tunica media in an elastic artery
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very thick, can stretch and maintain BP
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Which one is an elastic artery, muscular artery, vein?
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a) elastic artery
b) muscular artery c) vein d) tunica intima of a vein |
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Arteriosclerosis
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decrease compliance of vessels
decrease diameter of vessel decrease blood flow |
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Atherosclerosis
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Tear in blood vessel; cholesterol + ions +etc forms plaque.
Plaque develops between tunica intima and tunica media. |
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Pulmonary arteries
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takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the heart
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Pulmonary veins
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takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
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Arteriole system on right and left sides are not _________.
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symmetric
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Aorta
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large elastic artery that leaves the heart and takes blood to the body
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3 branches off aortic arch:
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brachiocephalic (only on right side)
common carotid subclavian |
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Label:
R/L common carotid artery R/L subclavian artery R brachiocephalic artery Aortic Arch Ascending aorta Thoracic aorta (descending) Abdominal aorta Common iliac artery |
common carotid goes to head
subclavian artery goes to arms |
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Major arteries of the upper limb
subclavian axillary Brachial Brachiocephalic |
subclavian
axillary Brachial Brachiocephalic |
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Common Carotid
Internal Carotid |
The path blood takes to the brain is:
Common Carotid Internal Carotid Brain |
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Path blood takes to upper limb:
Subclavian artery Axillary artery Brachial Artery |
Most likely not a label question due to how small the vessels are.
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Path blood takes from the heart to lower limb:
Abdominal aorta common iliac artery external iliac artery femoral artery popliteal artery |
probably not a matching question, just know the path.
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Major veins
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coronary sinus (in the heart)
superior vena cava inferior vena cava *veins return blood from body to right atrium |
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Coronary sinus
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takes deoxygenated blood from the HEART to RIGHT ATRIUM
(not a matching on diagram) |
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Superior vena cava takes blood from
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head (jugular vein), neck, thorax, upper limbs
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Inferior vena cava takes blood from
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abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs
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Focus on central structures, such as Inf/Sup Vena Cave, L/R Brachiocephalic.
Highlights of this slide: Subclavian, axillary, internal jugular, L brachiocephalic, Sup/Inf Vena Cava, External Iliac, Femoral, Popliteal |
Highlights of this slide:
Subclavian, axillary, internal jugular, L brachiocephalic, Sup/Inf Vena Cava, External Iliac, Femoral, Popliteal |
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Path blood takes from head to heart:
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Head to internal jugular to brachiocephalic to vena cava
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Blood leaving head and going to heart:
Internal Jugular Brachiocephalic Superior Vena Cava Enter Right Atrium |
lood leaving head and going to heart:
Internal Jugular Brachiocephalic Superior Vena Cava Enter Right Atrium |
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Path blood takes from arm to heart:
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brachial vein --> axillary vein --> subclavian vein --> brachiocephalic vein --> superior vena cava --> heart
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Place these veins in order from proximal (closest to heart) to distal:
common iliac vein, femoral vein, popliteal vein, inferior vena cava, external iliac vein |
inferior vena cava
common iliac vein external iliac vein femoral vein popliteal vein |
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Laminar flow
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Streamlined
Outermost layer moving slowest and center moving fastest Blood flowing evenly |
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Turbulent flow
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blood not moving in laminar flow
traveling backwards a lot of blood cells in a small area |
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Turbulence (as it applies to a vessel, not entire body)
-Increase Turbulence |
decrease blood flow
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Turbulence (as it applies to a vessel, not entire body)
-Increase Diameter |
increase blood flow
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Turbulence (as it applies to a vessel, not entire body)
-Increase compliance |
increase blood flow
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Turbulence (as it applies to a vessel, not entire body)
-Increase peripheral resistance (decreases diameter) |
decrease blood flow
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Turbulence (as it applies to a vessel, not entire body)
-increase vasoconstriction |
decrease blood flow
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Turbulence (as it applies to a vessel, not entire body)
-Increase viscosity (too many RBC) |
decrease blood flow
(blood is thicker) |
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Turbulence (as it applies to a vessel, not entire body)
-Increase pressure change |
Increase blood flow
can look at hand written notes on slide 21-31 for diagrams of pressure change |
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Blood Pressure Measurement
What artery are you compressing? |
Brachial Artery
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Blood Pressure Measurement
Why don't you hear sounds in beginning? |
blood flow is blocked
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Blood Pressure Measurement
Why do you hear sounds? |
turbulant flow causes sounds
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Blood Pressure Measurement
Why do sounds stop? |
Blood flow is laminar again.
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Blood Pressure Measurement
What pressure reading is the first one you hear? |
systolic
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Blood Pressure Measurement
What pressure reading is the last sound you hear? |
diastolic
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Blood Pressure Measurement
What are the sounds called? |
Korotkoff sounds
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Poiseuille’s Law
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Flow decreases when resistance increases
Flow resistance decreases when vessel diameter increases |
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Critical closing pressure
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Pressure at which a blood vessel collapses and blood flow stops
Related to muscular arteries and arterioles. Keep pressure to keep vessels open. |
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Laplace’s Law
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Increase peripheral resistance, decrease blood flow
Force acting on blood vessel wall is proportional to diameter of the vessel times blood pressure |
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Vascular compliance
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Increase compliance, Increase blood flow
Veins have highest elasticity (reservoir for blood) |
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What to know about blood flow in capillaries:
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slower blood flow because:
1) they need to EXCHANGE nutrients, gases, etc 2) blood is distributed over many small vessels |
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Look at arteries and arterioles
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Arteries and arterioles have smooth muscle and can vasoconstrict & maintain BP
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Ventricles are _________ during systolic pressure.
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contracting
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Ventricles are _______________ during diastolic pressure.
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relaxing and filling with blood
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Pulse Pressure
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Difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
Increases when stroke volume increases or vascular compliance decreases Pulse pressure can be used to take a pulse to determine heart rate and rhythmicity |
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Remember that capillaries have a ____ and ______ cell wall which is great for gas exchange.
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thin and single
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Hydrostatic pressure is related to:
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Blood Pressure.
Arteries have a higher BP. Arterial end of capillary is higher HP Venouse end is lower HP |
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In a capillary, fluid leaves vessel and enters cell due to:
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filtration pressure
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Blood will leave vessel and enter cells on ______ end of capillary because of a high filtration pressure
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arterial
Net HP - OP (osmotic pressure) = net filtration pressure 33-20= 13 |
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Blood will leave cells and enter capillaries on ______ end of capillary because of a low filtration pressure
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venous
Net HP- OP= net filtration pressure 13-20= -7 (lots of waste to be removed from tissues) |
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venous return
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how much blood actually goes to heart
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Why does venous return increase during exercise?
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because vessels constrict during exercise
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Local control of blood flow
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In most tissues, blood flow is proportional to metabolic needs of tissues
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Nervous System control of blood flow
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Responsible for routing blood flow and maintaining blood pressure
THe heart is under constant control of parasympathetic system (trying to keep HR low) |
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Hormonal Control of blood flow
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Sympathetic action potentials stimulate epinephrine and norepinephrine
Vessels are under sympathetic control. Increase symp. control causes increase vasoconstriction. Decrease symp. control causes vasodialation. |
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What causes control of local control?
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waste products in interstitial fluid in capillary bed vessels
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What does waste cause in precapillary sphincter and metarterioles?
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OPENS precapillary sphincter
VASODIALATE metarteriole |
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If there is low metabolic activity, what will happen to precapillary sphincter and metarteriole?
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CLOSES precapillary sphincter
VASOCONSTRICT metarteriole |
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Why is it important to control blood flow to capillaries?
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Because they have no control over BF once it is in the capillary.
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Identify precapillary sphincter & metarterioles (where it says blood flow)
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Top figure is metabolizing
Bottom figure is not metabolizing |
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(Local Control of Blood Flow)
Pericrine factors only affect area ____ __ __ |
close to it.
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Blood vessels are only controlled by which nervous system?
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sympathetic
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INCREASE of sympathetic influence on vessel causes
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vasoconstriction
caused by norepinepherine |
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DECREASE of sympathetic influence on vessel causes
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vasodialation
caused by less norepinepherine |
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Baroreceptor reflexes
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detect changes in blood pressure
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Baroreceptors are found in
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aortic arch & carotid body
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Chemoreceptor reflexes
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detect pH levels of blood
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pH has to do with what in the blood?
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CO2
high CO2= acidic (low pH) low CO2= alkaline (high pH) |
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Why are vessels under sympathetic control?
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To prevent collapse of vessel. Sympathetic control causes constant constriction
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The heart is partly controlled by
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parasympathetic nervous system
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Baroreceptor Effects At Rest:
If blood pressure increases: |
Decrease sympathetic influence
Vessels will vasodialate Decrease BP & HR |
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Baroreceptor Effects At Rest:
If blood pressure decreases: |
Increase sympathetic influence
Vessels will vasoconstrict Increase BP & HR |
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T/F: There is NO parasympathetic influence in vessels.
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TRUE!
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Chemoreceptors: Effects of pH and Gases at REST:
High Blood pH |
Decrease sympathetic stimulation
Vessels will vasodialate Decrease blood to lungs (to keep CO2 in blood) Decrease blood pH |
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Chemoreceptors: Effects of pH and Gases during EXERCISE:
Low Blood pH |
Increase sympathetic stimulation
Vessels will vasoconstrict Increase blood to lungs (to get rid of CO2 in blood) Decrease blood pH |
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Under HIGHER blood pressure, blood moves _______.
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Faster
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If blood is ______, you want to move blood away from lungs to keep more CO2 in blood.
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ALKALINE (low CO2)
blood will also move slower |
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If blood is ______, you want to move blood to the lungs to get rid of CO2 in blood.
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ACIDIC (high CO2)
blood will move faster |
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True or False:
Arterioles act in opposite way from larger vessels. |
TRUE
This causes blood to flow more quickly due to the greater change in pressure |
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If vessels are vasoconstricting centrally, then they are doing what at the capillary?
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vasodialating
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If vessels are vasodialating centrally, then what is happening at the capillaries?
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vasoconstriction
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You will have an INCREASE in blood pressure if
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Increase in Stroke Volume (venous return)
Increase in HR Increase in Peripheral Resistance (at central vessels) |
