Chapter 21 Of Anatomy

Front 1

Contrast the structure and function of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. More specific objectives are found within each section below

Back 1

Arteries-carry blood away from the heart; arterioles; capillaries-site of exchange; venules; veins-carry blood to the heart.

Front 2

Outline the vessels through which the blood moves in its passage from the heart to the capillaries and back

Back 2

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins.

Front 3

Identify the names of the three layers of arteries and indicate their composition.

Back 3

Tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

Front 4

Define lumen

Back 4

The hollow center of a tube

Front 5

Describe the type of innervation by the autonomic nervous system that arteries possess. Which specific parts of arteries are innervated by the autonomic nervous system? Describe what stimulates vasodilation and vasoconstriction.

Back 5

Vasoconstriction: constricts; sympathetic, Vasodilation: dilates; parasympathetic

Front 6

Describe how elastic arteries act as a pressure reservoir. (See Figure 21.2 below.)

Back 6

Blood flows towards capillaries then into the left ventricle causing pressue.

Front 7

What are the two purposes of arterioles? Describe how they perform these two purposes.

Back 7

Key role in blood flow, regulates resistance. Change in arteriole diameter: vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Front 8

What is the prime function of capillaries?

Back 8

Exchange blood between interstitial fluids

Front 9

Describe the structure of capillaries (which makes them suited for their function).

Back 9

Only have tunica interna, one cell thick. Allows to pass easily.

Front 10

Describe the purpose of precapillary sphincters.

Back 10

Contract and relax about 10x’s a min to make vasomotion.

Front 11

Define venule.

Back 11

Small veins, thinner walls then arterioles.

Front 12

Know that many veins have valves. What is the purpose of the valves in veins?

Back 12

Know that veins can act as blood reservoirs
Reduce the volume of blood in the reservoirs.

Front 13

Describe the concept of blood reservoir. Describe not only why a blood reservoir would be needed but also the sequence of events that describe what the body would do in order to make use of a blood reservoir.

Back 13

Need more cells>cardiovascular center in medulla oblongata>sends sympathetic impulses to veins>causes venoconstriction>causes more available blood to arteries

Front 14

Through what three routes can substances travel as they diffuse into or out of the blood?

Back 14

Cross the capillary wall through intercellular clefts, fenestrations, or endothelial cells

Front 15

Describe the various forces that influence the movement of fluids between the blood and the interstitial fluid at the site of capillaries.

Back 15

Bulk Flow: Higher pressure to lower pressure. Filtration: moving from capillaries into interstitial fluid; Reabsorbtion: from interstitial fluid into capillaries

Front 16

Indicate which direction fluid moves at the arterial end of a capillary and at the venous end of a capillary. (The sign, negative or positive, of the net filtration pressure at the two ends indicates the direction of movement of fluid.)

Back 16

Negative: interstitial to capillaries, Positive: opposite

Front 17

Is the amount of fluid that leaves capillaries equal to the amount that is reabsorbed? If not, which value is greater? How does the body take care of the excess fluid if these two values are not equal?

Back 17

No, filtration is greater. Osmosis

Front 18

Define edema. What are the two abnormal processes that can cause edema? (This is covered in the Clinical Connection: Edema section on page 772. It is not covered in the video.)

Back 18

An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid volume. Excess filtration or inadequate absorption.

Front 19

What two factors regulate the volume of blood flow?

Back 19

Pressure differences and Resistance to blood flow

Front 20

Define systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure.

Back 20

Systolic: highest pressure, Diastolic: lowest pressure

Front 21

Describe the blood pressure changes that occur as blood travels through the cardiovascular system (from the aorta back to the right atrium).

Back 21

Pressure falls as you move farther and farther from the left ventricle.

Front 22

Define mean arterial pressure (MAP). You do not need to know the formula for calculating it. (See the note at the bottom regarding this.)

Back 22

The average blood pressure in the arteries

Front 23

Know that

Back 23

the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) can be expressed as the Cardiac Output X Resistance. So, in other words, know that anything that increases the cardiac output (such as an increase in the heart rate or stroke volume) will increase the MAP, assuming the resistance stays the same.

Front 24

What is the relationship between the blood pressure and the total volume of blood in the cardiovascular system?

Back 24

MAP=Cardiac output x Resistance

Front 25

Define vascular resistance

Back 25

Opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and walls of blood vessels.

Front 26

What is the relationship between each of the factors listed below and vascular resistance? Describe the relationship between each of the factors listed below and blood pressure?
Size of the lumen
Blood viscosity
Total blood vessel length

Back 26

Size of the lumen-vasoconstriction makes lumen smaller meaning greater resistance
Blood viscosity- ration of RBCs to plasma and protein concentration, higher viscosity means higher resistance.
Total blood vessel length-resistance directly proportional to length of vessels.

Front 27

Describe how the skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump assist in returning systemic venous blood back to the heart.

Back 27

Skeletal: milks blood in 1 direction due to valves. Respiratory: due to pressure changes in thoracic and abdominal cavities

Front 28

What is the relationship between the velocity of blood flow and the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels?

Back 28

The cross sectional area is large and causes the blood to flow slower.

Front 29

How does the velocity of blood flow changes as blood travels from the arteries, through the capillaries, and then through the veins?

Back 29

The farther away from the heart it travels the slower the blood flow

Front 30

Where is the cardiovascular center located?

Back 30

In the medulla oblongata

Front 31

The cardiovascular center helps regulate blood pressure by regulating what three things?

Back 31

Neural, hormonal, and local negative feedback systems.

Front 32

Describe the role of proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors in regulating blood pressure. (These were also discussed in an earlier chapter.)

Back 32

Proprioceptors: monitor movements of joints and muscles to provide input during physical activity. Baroreceptors: monitor pressure changes and stretch in blood vessel walls. Chemoreceptors; monitor concentration of various chemicals in the blood.

Front 33

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the heart rate and force of contraction?

Back 33

Stimulates it.

Front 34

What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the heart rate?

Back 34

Inhibits messages.

Front 35

Know that the parasympathetic division innervates the heart through the right and left vagus nerves, which is cranial nerve X (#10).

Back 35

Know that “vagal axons terminate n the SA node, AV node, and atrial myocardium” and that “only a few vagal nerves innervate ventricular muscle” and therefore, “changes in parasympathetic activity have little effect on contractility in the ventricles.” – from page 721, Chapter 20.

Front 36

Know

Back 36

that it is only the sympathetic division that innervates the smooth muscle of blood vessels.

Front 37

Define vasomotor tone

Back 37

moderate state of tonic contraction; sets the resting level of systemic vascular resistance.

Front 38

Describe how the body utilizes veins to increase blood pressure (if there is a need to increase the blood pressure).

Back 38

Uses sympathetic messages to cause constriction. Moves blood out of blood reservoir and increases BP.

Front 39

Describe the carotid sinus reflex and the aortic reflex. This includes describing the anatomy as well as the physiology of these reflexes.

Back 39

Carotid: Helps regulate blood pressure in the brain. Aortic: regulates systemic pressure (both in neck and chest)

Front 40

Where are the chemoreceptors located that help regulate the blood pressure?

Back 40

Baroreceptors of carotid sinus and aortic arch.

Front 41

What chemicals are detected by the chemoreceptors?

Back 41

Hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, and send signals to CV.

Front 42

What change (increase or decrease) for each of the chemicals that the chemoreceptors detect will stimulate vasoconstriction and an increase in the blood pressure?

Back 42

CV increases sympathetic stiulation to arteries and vieins, producing vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure.

Front 43

What effect does angiotensin II and aldosterone have on the blood pressure?

Back 43

Raises the blood pressure when needed.

Front 44

What effect does epinephrine and norepinehrine have on the following: cardiac output, diameter of the arterioles and veins in the skin and abdominal organs, and diameter of the arterioles in the cardiac and skeletal muscle?

Back 44

CO: increase rate and force of heart contractions, Diameter of arterioles: cause vasoconstriction so makes them smaller, Veins: makes smaller.

Front 45

When is ADH secreted, where is it secreted from, what effect does ADH have blood pressure? What is the other name of ADH? (See Figure 18.9 from page 633 on the next page.)

Back 45

Raises blood pressure, caused by dehydration..other name vasopressin

Front 46

What causes a pulse?

Back 46

Alternate expansion and recoil of elastic arteries after each systole of the left ventricle.

Front 47

Define tachycardia and bradycardia.

Back 47

Tachycardia: rapid resting heart or pulse rate over 100 beat per/min, Bradycardia: slow resting heart or pulse rate under 50 beats/min.

Front 48

What is the purpose of a sphygmomanometer?

Back 48

Measures blood pressure

Front 49

Define systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure.

Back 49

Systolic: blood pressure after ventricular systole. Diastolic: blood pressure right after ventricular diastole.

Front 50

Define pulse pressure.

Back 50

Difference between systolic BP and diastolic BP

Front 51

Describe the path that blood takes in the systemic circulation. Indicate when the blood is oxygenated and when it is deoxygenated.

Back 51

Left atrium>*oxygenated*left vent, aortic valve, aorta, systemic capillaries,*deoxygenated*, veins, right atrium, right vent, pul valve, pul trunk, pul veins, *oxygenated*

Front 52

Describe the structure of the hepatic portal circulation. This includes indicating which organs the blood is coming from and which organ the blood is going toward.

Back 52

Carries venous blood from gastrointestinal organs and spleen to the liver, then to portal vein, then nutrient are stored.

Front 53

Define portal vein.

Back 53

A vein that carries blood from one capillary network to another.

Front 54

Why is there a hepatic portal circulation?

Back 54

The gastrointestinal organs

Front 55

Describe the path that blood takes as it travels through the pulmonary circulation. This involves listing the blood vessels in the path. Also indicate when the blood is oxygenated and when it is deoxygenated.

Back 55

*deoxygenated* right ventricle to air sacs in the lungs and returns *oxygenated* blood from the air sacs to the left atrium.

Front 56

Which direction does blood travel in the umbilical vein – toward or away from the fetus?

Back 56

Toward the fetus

Front 57

Is the blood in the umbilical vein oxygenated or deoxygenated? Explain your answer.

Back 57

Oxygenated, needs O2, pumps out CO2.

Front 58

Where is the ductus venosus and what is its purpose?

Back 58

Joined with the inferiour vena cava, mixes the blood. O2 and no O2.

Front 59

What are the names of the two structures in the fetus allow blood to bypass the lungs? Where are these structures located? What structure does the blood travel from as it travels through these structures and what structure does the blood pass into after it has traveled through these structures

Back 59

Foramen ovale, Ductus arteriosis, located ?

Front 60

Define hypertension.

Back 60

Elevated blood pressure