Chapter 2 - Psych 1000

Front 1

Scientific Method

Back 1

Requires usage of scientific attitudes, which include skepticism, curiosity, and open-mindedness

Front 2

Steps in the scientific process

Back 2

Identify, Gather information and Form a hypothesis, Test, Analyze and Report, Build a network

Front 3

Hypothesis

Back 3

A scientific prediction that takes an “If-Then” statement

Front 4

Theory

Back 4

A formal statement that explains how and why certain events are related

Front 5

Hindsight

Back 5

After the fact

Front 6

Prediction, Control, and Theory Buildings

Back 6

Observed empirically, which are built upon theories

Front 7

Variable

Back 7

Characteristics that vary

Front 8

Operational Definition

Back 8

Defining variables in terms of specific procedures

Front 9

Conceptual Variable

Back 9

Using the levels of analysis to study an operational definition

Front 10

Self-Reports

Back 10

Depends on the willingness of a participant

Front 11

Social Desirability Bias

Back 11

One reports in a socially acceptable manner

Front 12

Reliable Observations Include

Back 12

Consistency

Front 13

Archival Measures

Back 13

Determining hypotheses and theories based on archives

Front 14

Psychological Tests Are....

Back 14

Ambiguous

Front 15

Physiological Responses Can Be...

Back 15

misinterpreted

Front 16

Neuroscience

Back 16

The study of the localization of function

Front 17

Descriptive Research

Back 17

Identification and description of human and animal behaviour

Front 18

Case Study

Back 18

In-depth analysis of a single event

Front 19

Measurement Bias

Back 19

Biases based on researcher biases and subjective thoughts

Front 20

Naturalistic Observation

Back 20

As it occurs in a natural setting

Front 21

Reporter Bias

Back 21

Biases due to subjectivity in naturalistic observations

Front 22

Survey Research

Back 22

Questionnaires and Interviews to a large set of the population

Front 23

Population

Back 23

All the individuals

Front 24

Sample

Back 24

A smaller part of the population

Front 25

Stratified sampling

Back 25

Choosing people from a subgroup that has been randomly sampled

Front 26

Correlational Research

Back 26

Measuring two variables to determine statistical significance

Front 27

Bidirectionality

Back 27

Where two variables are confounding; X influences Y or vice versa or both.

Front 28

Spurious

Back 28

Not genuine; an unknown variable Z

Front 29

Correlation Coefficient

Back 29

Strength and direction between two variables

Front 30

Positive Correlation

Back 30

Both variables go up

Front 31

Negative Correlation

Back 31

One variable goes up and the other goes down.

Front 32

The Characteristics of Experiments

Back 32

Variables are controlled, influence the variables, and control for outside factors

Front 33

Independent Variable

Back 33

Factor that is manipulated (The Cause)

Front 34

Dependent Variable

Back 34

Measured by the experimenter (Effect)

Front 35

Experimental Group

Back 35

Active level of the independent variable

Front 36

Control Group

Back 36

Zero-Level of the independent variable

Front 37

Interaction

Back 37

The usage if two independent variables to determine the effect on a dependent variable

Front 38

Validity

Back 38

How well a procedure actually tests

Front 39

Internal Validity

Back 39

Where an experiment supports clear causal conclusions

Front 40

External Validity

Back 40

Where the study can be generalized to a larger population

Front 41

Meta-analysis

Back 41

Combining the results of numerous studies to test significance