Chapter 18 Objectives

Front 1

List the four classifications of bones according to shape

Back 1

Long bones acts as levers and support our frame; located arms legs
Short bones faciliate movement and transfer forces; located wrists, ankles and feet
Flat bones serve as muscle attachment and for protection
Irregular bones are for attachment of toher structures or articulations; located head, chest shouder

Front 2

Locate and name the major bones of the body and describe their functions

Back 2

The Axial Skeleton contains the skull (cranium, face) hyoid, auditory ossicles, vertebral column, thorax (sternum, ribs). The Appendicular Skeleton contains the pectoral girdles (clavicle, scapula) Upper Limbs "extremities" (humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges); Pelvic (hips) girdle (hip, pelvic, or coxal bone); Lower Limbs "extremities" (femur, fibula, tibia, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)

Front 3

Explain the function of red bone marrow

Back 3

Red bone marrow is found in the ends of long bones, in the bodies of the vertebra and in flat bones; it is responsible for the manufacturing of red blood cells "erythocytes", WBC "leukocytes" and platelets "thrombocytes"

Front 4

Name three types of joints and give an example of each

Back 4

Synarthroses "synarthrodial, fibrous or fixed joints; 'sutural ligaments'" NO MOTION Example: in skull, an infant's skull has to grow together Amphiarthroses "cartilaginous joints" vertebral column or symphysis pubis; SLIGHT DEGREE OF MOTION Diarthroses "synovial joints" are FREELY MOVABLE.

Front 5

Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeletons

Back 5

Axial skeleton contains the bones of the skull, vertebral column and thoracic "rib" cage. The Appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of the upper and lower extremities and the pelvic girdle.

Front 6

List the five divisions of the vertebral column and the number of vertebrae in each division

Back 6

Vertebral Column as 26 bones in adults (33 to 34 children): Cervial vertebrae (seven / 7), Thoracic vertebrae (twelve / 12), Lumbar vertebrae (five / 5), Sacral vertebrae (ask about this... is it one), Coccygeal vertebrae (one /1)

Front 7

Differentiate between an adult and an infant skull; identify the anterior and posterior fontanels on a newborn, explaining their functions

Back 7

an infant skull has several membranes called 'soft spots' or fontanels and are located between the cranial bones. They permit the skull of the infant to change shape as it passes through the birth canal.

Front 8

Compare and contrast skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles and their functions

Back 8

Skeletal muscle is attached to bone, long and striated; voluntary muscle that produces movement
Smooth muscle are in the walls of hollow organs, vessels and respiratory passageways. Smooth are tapered at each end and are Involuntary muscles that contract and relax slowly and produce peristalsis (muscle contractions that move food thru). Smooth muscle helps maintain blood pressure by regulating size of arteries.
Cardiac muscle are in the walls of the heart. They are branching networks and are lightly straited. Cardiac muscles pump blood out of the heart and are influenced by nervous system and hormones

Front 9

Identify the major muscle groups in the body, including the function of each group

Back 9

NECK and SHOULDER muscles: help keep head straight DELTOID located shoulder for movement of the upper arms outwards
ARM AND ANTERIOR CHEST movement of arms RESPIRATION muscles between the abdominal and thoracic cavity assist breathing. ABDOMEN supports abdominal organs BACK AND POSTERIOR CHEST muscles helps to lift shoulder and work in groups and helps body to stand erect and turn and bend. GLUTEAL muscle helps change from sitting to standing and walking THIGH and LOWER LEG (quadriceps, rectus femoris, hamstring, thigh/gracilis, tibialis anterior/lower leg Achilles tendon) exention of legs. HEAD

GROUPS:
SKELETAL muscles control movement SMOOTH muscles control propelling urine, moving food thru digestive tract; involuntary muscles. CARDIAC muscle is the middle layer of the heart and is responsible for propelling blood thru the vesels also involuntary

Front 10

State three factors that influence bone growth

Back 10

Trauma can influence bone growth. Lack of Vitamin D can cause bone malformation called Osteomalacia. Factors that influence bone growth are heredity, nutrition, exercise and hormones

Front 11

Explain the process by which muscles produces heat

Back 11

Skeletal muscles produce heat through aerobic production of energy. The blood brings oxygen and ATP, which react with one another (oxidation) to the muscle cells. The result of oxidation is energy and heat. Muscle activity produces heat. When the body is cold it will "shiver" to produce heat, when extreme cold it will produce the violent reaction called "total body chilling"

Front 12

Explain the effects of overusing and underusing muscles

Back 12

If muscles are underused they become flabby and weak (atonic) and my atroph (waste away). If muscle is overused ?????

Front 13

Differentiate between tendons and ligaments

Back 13

TENDONS are tough cords that attach muscle to bones. tendons have sheath lined with synovial membrane that permits smooth, gliding movement.
LIGAMENTS are strong fibropus bands that hold bones together; some support but do not move or stretch. Some ligaments connect bones to muscles and to cartilage. Ligaments support internal organs. A ligament is said to arise or originate in the bone.