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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Iris
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•colored part of eye
•round central opening (pupil) •2 layers of smooth muscle to vaary pupil size • eye color and pattern (sticky elastic fibers) |
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Nociceptors
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sensing pain
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Abducens Nerve
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eye mvement
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Occulormotor Nerve
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eye movement
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Reflection
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light bounces off of a surface
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filiform
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scattered across tongue in V formations
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taste buds
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•located with in filiform, fungiform, and vallate papillae
•vallate papillae and fungiform contains most of these |
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Fungiform
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•scattered across tongue surface
•most abundant at tip and sides |
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Autocrine
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hormone is released and binds to cell that produces it
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Endocrine Glands
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•ovaries, testes, pancreas, small intestines, stomach, kidneys, <3, hypothalamus
•pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, thymus |
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rods
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•dim light
•peripheral vision receptors •more numerous |
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Gustatory Cells
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has hairs that are receptors cells
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Fibrous Tunic
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•outermost layer
•made of dense avascular connective tissue •made up of sclera and cornea |
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Lutenizing Hormone (LH)
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•stimulatess testosterone production
•helps with menstrual cycle |
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PIP-Calcium Signal Mechanism
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•hormone bind to receptor-change conformation and bind to an inactive G protein
•GTP binds to G protein inducing activation and displacing GDP •activated G protein activates phospholipase enzyme by bind to it and then it becomes inactive •Phopho causes PIP2 to split into 2 second messengers- IP3 and diacylglycerol •IP3- release of Ca+2 from ER and diacylglycerol, and activates protein kinases •Ca+2 alter activity of certain enzymes and ion channels •Ca+2 could bing to protein-calmodulin-activates enzymes to amplify cellular response |
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Cornea
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•transparent
•covered by stratified squamous epithelium •highly innervated |
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Endocrine System
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•regulates metabolic activities through hormones
•controls reproduction, growth and development, cellular metabolism, energy balance, electrolytes, water, and nutrients |
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Pheromones
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special class of hormones that are secreted into the environment and changes the behavior of another individual
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Sensory receptors
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taste buds, chemoreceptors
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Testes
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•produce testosterone
•male secondary sex characteristics •deepening of voice |
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Extrinsic Eye Muscle
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movement of the eye
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AA based hormone
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•cannot pass through the cell membrane
•must use intracellular second messenger |
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Refractiion
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•when light is bent as it travels from one medium to another
•lens of eye bends light rays so they converge on the photoreceptors of the retina |
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Tropins
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regulate secretion of hormones from other endocrine glands and use a cyclic AMP second messenger
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Pigmented layer
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external single cell layer
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Middle Ear
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•small, air filled cavity
•ear drum to bony wall •houses ossicles |
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Neural Stimuli
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•stimulates adrenal gland
•epinephrine and norepinephrine •catecholamines-stress hormones |
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Choroid
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•brown
•highly vascularized meembrane •provides nutrients to all eye tunicss |
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Steroids
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•produced from cholesterol
•gonadal hormones and adrenocortical hormones |
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Stereoscopic Vision
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smaller total visual field, but provides depth perception
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Hormones
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•chemical substaces produced by cells and excreted into extracellular to control metabolic function in body
•cells have special receptors for attachment of hormones •3 factors: 1. blood levels of hormone 2. # of target receptors on target cells 3. strength of bond •half life- 1/2 minute to 30 minutes |
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Eyebrows
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shade and sweat protection
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Dark Adaptation
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•bright to dim light
•cones stop functioning •Rod pigments were bleached by bright light •Rhodopsin begins to accumulate |
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Posterior segment
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•filled with vitreous humor
•functions: •transmits light •support the lens and retina •maintains intraocular pressure aiding muscle movement |
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Ovaries
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•produce estrogen and progesterone
•menstrual cycle developing in uteran lining |
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Conjunctiva
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mucous membrane lining the eye
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Vestibule
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•contains 2 membranous sacs
•responds to gravity and helps determinne head positioning |
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Hyperopia
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•distant objects are focused behind retina
•far sighted |
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Mechanoreceptors
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sensing pressure and distortion
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Semicircular Duct
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contained in each canal and communicates with the utricle
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Inner Ear
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located behind eye socket in temporal bone
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Leukotrienes
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mediate inflammation and allergic reactions
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Presbyopia
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•loss of accomodation
•old person vision |
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Pathway of Light
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•air > cornea > aqueous humor > lens > vitreous humor > neural layer > photoreceptors
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Optic disk
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optic nerve exits the eye creating a blind spot
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Ciliary body
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interlacing smooth muscles- control lens shape
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Nyctalopia
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•night blindness
•rod function decreases •caused by Vitamin A deficiency |
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Osseous Labyrinth
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•system of canals through the temporal bone
•filled with perilymph |
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Light Addaptation
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•dim to bright light
•both cones and rods are stimulated •see only white light •retinal sensitivity decreases •cones take oveer within 60 seconds and improve vision in 5-10 minutes |
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Cones
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•high light
•color vision receptors •concentrated in fovea centralis in macula lutea |
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Glandular Lobe
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produces several hormones
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Eicosanoids
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chemicals that have a localized effect and do not truly circulate through the body
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Close Vision- Eyeball Convergence
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medial rotation of eyeballs toward object being viewed
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Color Blindness
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lack of 1+ cone types
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Close Vision-Lens Accomodation
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•ciliary muscles contract
•Lens bulges giving shorter focal length |
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Cortisol and Cortisone
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help regulate blood glucose
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Aldosterone
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increases Na+ absorption in kidney
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Visible Light
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•400nm-700nm
•red wavelengths-lowest energy •violet wavelengths- highest energy |
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Eustachian tube
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•auditory tube
•link middle ear with the nasopharynx •functions to equalize air pressure across tympanic membrane |
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Rods
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•regenerate in morning with first light
•sensitive, best for night vision and peripheral vision •Absorb all wavelengths of light by perceived in gray tones •information summated resultion in fuzzier vision •deep purple pigment- rhosopsin |
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AA based hormones
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small to large molecular size
ex: amines, peptides to proteins |
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Endocrine
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any hormone that is released and travels in blood to its target cell
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Cones
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•regenerate at night with darkness
•need to be activated by bright light •contain pigment that gives colored view of world •each has its own neuron to the ganglion and to be visual centers of the brain •pigments are retinal and opsin (red, green, blue) |
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Hormone changes
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•alter permeability of cell membrane by opening and closing ion channels
•stimulate mitosis or induce secretory activity •stimiuulate production of proteins and then activiate or deactiviate enzyme |
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Sclera
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•"white of the eye"
•tough tendon-like •functions: protection, shapes the eye, anchors extrinsic eye muscles |
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Lacrima apparatus
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secretes tears
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Olfactory Cillia
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captures and dissolves odor molecules
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Mitral cells
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•2nd order neurons
•clean up and amplify the signal to transmit to brain |
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Taste sensations
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sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami
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Palpebrae
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protection
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Distant vision
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•ciliary muscles- completely relaxed
•lens stretched as thin as possible |
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Close Vision-Pupil Constriction
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•limits blurred vision by prohibiting the most divergent
light rays from entering the eye •called Accomodation Pupillary Reflex |
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Prostaglandins
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multiple effects from stimulating labor and blood clotting to raising blood pressure
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Olfactory epithelium
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•prgan sense on roof of nasal cavity
•life span 60 days (neurons) |
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Cochlea
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•houses spinal organ of corti
•receptor for hearing |
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Calcitonin
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lowers blood Ca+2 by inhibiting osteoclasts and promotes osteoblast acivity
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
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stimulated normal thyroid development
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Humoral Stimuli
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•blood will stimulate production
•glucose-insulin •soldium- aldosterone --> causes Na+ reabsorption in kidney |
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Thyroid Hormone (TH)
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•blood pressure
•tissue growth and development |
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Thymus
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•decrease in size
•normal development of T lymphacytes found in immune system •major product is peptide hormones od thymopoients and thymosins |
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
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stimulated adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids, stress
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Cyclic AMP Messenger
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•hormone binds to its receptor on outside of the membrane
•receptor changes shape and can bind to G protein •G protein binds to GTP and is activated, GDP is displaced •G protein binds to enzyme, adenylate cyclase, hydrolyzes the GTP, and activates the enzyme, G protein is inactive •Adenylate cyclase- generates cyclic AMP from ATP •Cyclic AMP is second messenger •Cyclic AMP travels freely through the cell activating protein kinases •Protein kinases phosphorate many proteins activating some or inhibiting others |
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Glucagon
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increase blood glucose
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Direct Gene Activation
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•lipid soluable hormonnes bring changes in cellular activity
•hormone diffuses into target cell and binds to an intracellular receptor •receptor activated by coupling •activated complex moves to chromatin |
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Neural Layer
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•internal layer
•contains photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells |
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Lens
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•avascular
•biconvex structure- flexes to focus light •held by zonule (suspensory ligament) |
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Anterior Chamber
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between cornea and iris
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Ossicles
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•malleus, incus, stapes
transfers vibrations through the oval window |
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Ampulla
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•enlarged swelling of duct end
•contains an equillibrium receptor cite (crista ampullaris) •responds to angular movements |
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IGFs
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•aa uptake
•sulfur uptake into cartilage |
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Oxytocin
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•uterus contractions
•milk ejection •cuddle hormone |
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Basal Cells
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vdivide and differentiate into new gustatory and supporting cells
•Average life- 7-10 days |
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Posterior Chamber
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•between iris and lens
•filled with aqueous humor circulating from ciliary processes to scleral venous sinus |
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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•stimulates production of egg and sperm cell
•produce estrogen and progesterone for release |
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Growth Hormone
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•stimulate muscle and bone growth, liver, protein synethesis
•lipid use |
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Prolactin (PRL)
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stimulates milk production
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Adrenal Glands
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produce over 2 dozen hormones
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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•calcium levels increase
•inhibits osteoblasts •decrease osteoclasts |
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Vascular Tunic/ Uvea
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•middle coat of eyeball
•3 regions: choroid, ciliary body, iris |
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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•not want to pee
•inhibits urine production •Vas opressin-constrict blood vessels (Vaso Constriction) |
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Neural Lobe
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•stores hormones created by hypothalamus
•composed of pituicytes and nerve fibers |
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Paracrine
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hormone acts on a neighboring cell without entering blood
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Myopia
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•Distant objects focused in front of retina
•Close objects (see), distant (blurred) •near sighted |
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Membranous Labyrinth
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•a continuos series of membranous sacs and ducts contained in the osseous labyrinth
•filled with endolymph |
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Astigmatism
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•blurred vision
•result of light not focusing as a point but instead as lines |
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Vallate
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•largest and least numerous (7-12)
•found as inverted V at the back of the tongue |
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Sensory Tunic
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•retina
•2 layered innermost tunic •pigmented and neural layer |
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Thermoreceptors
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sensing temperature
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Melotonin
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•makes you sleepy
•pineal glands- major product |
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Near- Point of Vision
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•closest point on which we can focus clearly
•maximum lens bulge |
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Pituitary Gland
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•sits in sella turcica of sphenoid bone of skull
•size of pea • pea + stalk (infundibulum) |
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Intracellular Second Messenger
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generated when the hormone binds to the cell membrane
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Posterior Pituitary
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•made in hypothalamus
•does NOT make hormones •stores from hypothalamus |
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Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
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precursor of other molecules
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