Chapter 14 (Test 3)

Front 1

Social Psychology

Back 1

Scientific study if how we feel about, think about, and behave toward other people around us, and how those people influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Front 2

Social situation

Back 2

People with whom we are interacting
-cognitions, emotions, and behaviors are influenced by this

Front 3

Social cognition

Back 3

Part of human thinking that helps us understand and predict the behavior of ourselves and others
-Our judgements about other people guide our behaviors towards them

Front 4

Attitudes

Back 4

Our enduring evaluations of people or things

Front 5

Social norms

Back 5

Accepted beliefs about what we do or what we should do in particular situations.
-Norm of binge drinking on college campuses)

Front 6

Stereotyping

Back 6

Tendency to attribute personality characteristics to people on the basis of their external appearance or their social group memberships.

Front 7

Prejudice

Back 7

Tendency to dislike people because of their appearance or group membership.

Front 8

Discrimination

Back 8

Negative behaviors toward others based on prejudice.

Front 9

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 9

A situation that occurs when our expectations about personality characteristics of others lead us to behave toward those others in ways that make out beliefs come true.
-(i.e.) If I have a stereotype that attractive people are friendly, then I may act in a friendly way toward people who are considered "attractive".

Front 10

Social Identity

Back 10

Positive emotions that we experience as a result of our group memberships.
-Gain social identity through college teams, religious and racial groups, and many more.

Front 11

Close relationships

Back 11

Long-term intimate and romantic relationships (for instance a marriage)

Front 12

Mere exposure

Back 12

Tendency to prefer stimuli (including but not limited to people) that we have seen more frequently.
-Moreland and Beach (1992) studied mere exposure by having female confederates attend a large lecture class of over 100 students 0, 5, 10, or 15 times during a semester. At the end of the term the other students in the class were shown pictures of the confederates and asked to see if they recognized them and how much they liked them. The number of times they attended class did not influence the other students' ability to recognize them, but did influence their liking for them. Attended more = liked more

Front 13

Casual attribution

Back 13

Process of trying to determine the causes of peoples behaviors, goal to learning about individuals personalities.
-We observe people who we are interested in and note how they behave in certain social situations.

Front 14

Person attribution

Back 14

We draw conclusions based on a person's behavior

Front 15

Situational attribution

Back 15

If the behavior was based off of the situation

Front 16

Fundamental attribution error (correspondence bias)

Back 16

Common tendency to overestimate the role of person factors and overlook the impact of social situations in judging others.
-Attribute behaviors towards personalities.
-Can't be quick to judge people

Front 17

Attitude

Back 17

Our relatively enduring evaluations of people and things.
-Attitudes are learned through direct and indirect experiences

Front 18

Self monitoring

Back 18

Tendency to regulate behavior and meet demands of social situations.
-Act this way when I'm with these people

Front 19

Self-Perception

Back 19

Using our behavior to help us determine our own thoughts and feelings

Front 20

Foot-in-the-door technique

Back 20

Method of persuasion in which the person is first persuaded to accept a rather minor request then ask for a larger one after that.

Front 21

Cognitive dissonance

Back 21

Discomfort we experience when we choose to behave in ways that we see as inappropriate and leads our behaviors to change our attitudes.
-Initiation into a fraternity. Our attitudes change the harder the hazing process was.

Front 22

Altruism

Back 22

Any behavior that is designed to increase another person's welfare, and particularly those actions that do not seem to provide a direct reward to the person who performs them.

Front 23

Reciprocal Altruism

Back 23

Principle that, if we help other people now, those others will return the favor should we need their help in the future.
-Increases our chances to survive and reproduce

Front 24

Social responsibility norm

Back 24

We should help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of future paybacks.

Front 25

Diffusion of responsibility

Back 25

Assumption that others will take action and therefore we do not take action ourselves.
-People are more likely to help when they are the only ones in the situation rather than around others.

Front 26

Aggression

Back 26

Behavior intended to harm another individual.
-May occur in the heat of the moment (i.e. jealous lover strikes out in rage)
-People who watch more violent behavior, become more aggressive

Front 27

Catharsis

Back 27

Idea that observing or engaging in less harmful aggressive actions will reduce the tendency to aggress later in a more harmful way.
-Way of decreasing violence
-Does not work, increases the likelihood of later violence to occur.

Front 28

Desensitization

Back 28

Tendency over time to show weaker emotional responses to emotional stimuli.
-When it comes to violence, over time we become habituated to it due to frequent exposure.

Front 29

Culture of honor

Back 29

Social norm that condones and even encourages responding to insults with aggression.
-Stronger among me who live in the south and west (rather than north and east)
-Cohen et. al. 1996 study of responses to insults

Front 30

Conformity

Back 30

A change in beliefs or behavior that occurs as the result of the presence of the other people around us.
-Informational: People have accurate info and we want to have knowledge
-Normative: Want to be liked by others
-The outcome of conformity is that our beliefs and behaviors become more similar to those around us

Front 31

Number in majority
(Variables that increases conformity)

Back 31

Number of people who are engaging in a behavior increases, the tendency to conform to those people increases.

Front 32

Unanimity
(Variables that increases conformity)

Back 32

Conformity reduces sharply when any one person deviates from the norm.

Front 33

Status and authority
(Variables that increases conformity)

Back 33

People who have higher status, such as those in authority, creates more conformity.

Front 34

Obedience

Back 34

Conformity toward those with authority
(Milgram study)

Front 35

Minority influence

Back 35

Conformity in which a similar number of individuals are able to influence opinions or behaviors of a larger group.

Front 36

Psychological reactance

Back 36

Strong emotional reaction that leads people to resist conformity
-Reactance is aroused when our ability to chose which behaviors to engage in is eliminated or threatened with elimination.
-Outcome is that people don't conform at all

Front 37

Social Facilitation

Back 37

Tendency to perform tasks better or faster in the presence of others.

Front 38

Social inhibition

Back 38

Tendency to perform tasks more poorly or more slowly in the presence of others.

Front 39

Drive-arousal model of social facilitation

Back 39

Social facilitation and inhibition are caused by arousal

Front 40

Social loafing

Back 40

A group process loss that occurs when people do not work as hard in a grow as they do when working alone.

Front 41

Groupthink

Back 41

An outcome that occurs when a group as a result of a flawed group and strong conformity pressures, make a very poor decision.
-Occurs in groups whose members feel a strong group identity

Front 42

Illusion of group productivity

Back 42

Tendency to overvalue the productivity of a group in comparison to individual performance.