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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nociceptors respond to
A) changes in temperature at the site of the receptor. B) compression, bending, or stretching of cells. C) painful mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli. D) light striking a receptor cell. |
painful mechanical, chemical, or thermal stimuli
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Which of these types of sensory receptors respond to pain, itch, tickle, and temperature?
A) Merkel's disks B) Meissner's corpuscles C) Ruffini's end organs D) free nerve endings E) pacinian corpuscles |
free nerve endings
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Which of these types of sensory receptors are involved with proprioception?
A) free nerve endings B) Golgi tendon organs C) muscle spindles D) pacinian corpuscle E) all of the above |
pacinian corpuscle
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The sensory receptor in the dermis and hypodermis responsible for sensing continuous touch or pressure are
A) Merkel's disks. B) Meissner's corpuscles. C) Ruffini's end organs. D) free nerve endings. E) pacinian corpuscles. |
Ruffini's end organs
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Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called
A) adaptation. B) projection. C) translation. D) conduction. E) phantom pain. |
adaptation
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Secondary neurons in the spinothalamic tracts synapse with tertiary neurons in the
A) medulla oblongata. B) gray matter of the spinal cord. C) cerebellum. D) thalamus. E) midbrain. |
thalamus
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If the spinothalamic tract on the right side of the spinal cord is severed,
A) pain sensations below the damaged area on the right side are eliminated. B) pain sensations below the damaged area on the left side are eliminated. C) temperature sensations are unaffected. D) neither pain sensations nor temperature sensations are affected. |
pain sensations below the damaged area on the left side are eliminated
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Fibers of the dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system
A) carry the sensations of two-point discrimination, proprioception, pressure, and vibration. B) cross to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata. C) are divided into the fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus in the spinal cord. D) include secondary neurons that exit the medulla and synapse in the thalamus. E) all of the above. |
all of the above
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Tertiary neurons in both the anterolateral system and dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal systems
A) project to the somatic sensory cortex. B) cross to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata. C) are found in the spinal cord. D) connect to quaternary neurons in the thalamus. E) are part of a descending pathway. |
project to the somatic sensory cortex
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Unlike the anterolateral and dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal systems, the spinocerebellar tracts
A) are descending tracts. B) transmit information from the same side of the body as the side of the CNS to which they project. C) have four neurons in each pathway. D) carry only pain sensations. E) have primary neurons that synapse in the thalamus. |
transmit information from the same side of the body as the side of the CNS to which they project.
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General sensory inputs (pain, pressure, temperature) to the cerebrum end in the
A) precentral gyrus. B) postcentral gyrus. C) central sulcus. D) corpus callosum. E) arachnoid mater. |
postcentral gyrus
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Neurons from which of these areas of the body occupy the greatest area of the somatic sensory cortex?
A) foot B) leg C) torso D) arm E) face |
face
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A cutaneous nerve to the hand is severed at the elbow. The distal end of the nerve at the elbow is then stimulated. The subject reports
A) no sensation because the receptors are gone. B) a sensation only in the region of the elbow. C) a sensation "projected" to the hand. D) a vague sensation on the side of the body containing the cut nerve. |
a sensation "projected" to the hand
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Which of these areas of the cerebral cortex is involved in the motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movements?
A) primary motor cortex B) somatic sensory cortex C) prefrontal area D) premotor area E) basal nuclei |
prefrontal area
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Which of these pathways is not an ascending (sensory) pathway?
A) spinothalamic tract B) corticospinal tract C) dorsal column/medial lemniscal system D) trigeminothalamic tract E) spinocerebellar tract |
corticospinal tract
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The ___________ tracts innervate the head muscles.
A) corticospinal B) rubrospinal C) vestibulospinal D) corticobulbar E) dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal |
corticobulbar
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Most fibers of the direct (pyramidal) system
A) decussate in the medulla oblongata. B) synapse in the pons. C) descend in the rubrospinal tract. D) begin in the cerebellum. |
decussate in the medulla oblongata
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A person with a spinal cord injury is suffering from paresis (partial paralysis) in the right lower limb. Which of these pathways is probably involved?
A) left lateral corticospinal tract B) right lateral corticospinal tract C) left dorsal column/medial lemniscal system D) right dorsal column/medial lemniscal system |
right lateral corticospinal tract
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Which of these pathways is not an indirect (extrapyramidal) pathway?
A) reticulospinal tract B) corticobulbar tract C) rubrospinal tract D) vestibulospinal tract |
corticobulbar tract
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The indirect (extrapyramidal) system is concerned with
A) posture B) trunk movements C) proximal limb movements D) all of the above |
all of the above
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The major effect of the basal nuclei is
A) to act as a comparator for motor coordination. B) to decrease muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity. C) affect emotions and emotional responses to odors. D) modulate pain sensations. |
to decrease muscle tone and inhibit unwanted muscular activity
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Which of the parts of the cerebellum is correctly matched with its function?
A) vestibulocerebellum—planning and learning rapid, complex movements B) spinocerebellum — comparator function C) cerebrocerebellum — balance D) none of the above |
spinocerebellum — comparator function
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1. Action potentials from the cerebellum go to the motor cortex and spinal cord.
2. Action potentials from the motor cortex go to lower motor neurons and the cerebellum. 3. Action potentials from proprioceptors go to the cerebellum. Arrange the events in the order they occur in the cerebellar comparator function. A) 1,2,3 B) 1,3,2 C) 2,1,3 D) 2,3,1 E) 3,2,1 |
2,3,1
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The brainstem
A) consists of ascending and descending pathways. B) contains cranial nerve nuclei II-XII. C) has nuclei and connections that form the reticular activating system. D) has many important reflexes, some of which are necessary for survival. E) has all of the above. |
has all of the above
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Given these areas of the cerebral cortex:
1. Broca's area 2. premotor area 3. primary motor cortex 4. Wernicke's area If a person hears and understands a word and then says the word out loud, in what order are the areas used? A) 1,4,2,3 B) 1,4,3,2 C) 3,1,4,2 D) 4,1,2,3 E) 4,1,3,2 |
4,1,2,3
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The main connection between the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum is the
A) intermediate mass. B) corpus callosum. C) vermis. D) unmyelinated nuclei. E) thalamus. |
corpus callosum
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Which of these activities is mostly associated with the left cerebral hemisphere in most people?
A) sensory input from the left side of the body B) mathematics and speech C) spatial perception D) recognition of faces E) musical ability |
mathematics and speech
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The limbic system is involved in the control of
A) sleep and wakefulness. B) maintaining posture. C) higher intellectual processes. D) emotion, mood, and sensations of pain or pleasure. E) hearing. |
emotion, mood, and sensations of pain or pleasure.
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Long-term memory involves
A) a change in the cytoskeleton of neurons. B) movement of calcium into the neuron. C) increase in glutamate release by presynaptic neurons. D) specific protein synthesis. E) all of the above. |
all of the above
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Concerning long-term memory,
A) declarative (explicit) memory involves the development of skills, such as riding a bicycle. B) procedural (implicit) memory involves the retention of facts, such as names, dates, or places. C) much of declarative (explicit) memory is lost through time. D) declarative (explicit) memory is stored primarily in the cerebellum and premotor area of the cerebrum. E) all of the above. |
much of declarative (explicit) memory is lost through time
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Changes in the blood concentration of glucose, oxygen and hydrogen ions are detected by
A) baroreceptors. B) chemoreceptors. C) nociceptors. D) proprioceptors. |
chemoreceptors
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Proprioceptors are involved in detecting
A) pain. B) changes in blood pressure. C) changes in tension in muscles and tendons. D) changes in temperature in the skin. |
changes in tension in muscles and tendons
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Which of these somatic receptors is involved in detecting heavy pressure?
A) free nerve endings B) Golgi tendon organs C) Meissner's corpuscles D) pacinian corpuscles |
pacinian corpuscles
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The two main kinds of stretch receptors or proprioceptors that transmit information to the spinal cord and brain about muscle tension and length are
A) Meissner's corpuscles and pacinian corpuscles. B) Meissner's corpuscles and Golgi tendon organs. C) muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs. D) pacinian corpuscles and Golgi tendon organs. |
muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs.
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Which of these receptors detects an increase in tension in a muscle?
A) Golgi tendon organ B) Meissner's corpuscle C) muscle spindle D) nociceptor |
Golgi tendon organ
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Which of these receptors detects lengthening or stretching of a muscle?
A) Golgi tendon organ B) Meissner's corpuscle C) muscle spindle D) nociceptor |
muscle spindle
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Sensory receptors that are stimulated by the position of the body or its parts are called
A) exteroceptors. B) interoreceptors. C) nociceptors. D) proprioceptors. |
proprioceptors
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Which of these combinations of general senses depends on mechanoreceptors?
A) touch and temperature B) pressure and temperature C) pressure and proprioception D) proprioception and temperature |
pressure and proprioception
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Exteroceptors provide information about
A) body position, movement and the extent of stretch or force of muscular contraction. B) the body's chemical composition, blood pH and blood pressure. C) the body's internal environment. D) the body's external environment. |
the body's external environment
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Which of the following types of sensory nerve endings is involved in detecting changes in temperature?
A) free nerve endings B) Merkel's disks C) pacinian corpuscles D) Ruffini's corpuscles |
free nerve endings
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Which of these nerve endings detects deep pressure and consists of a single nerve process surrounded by a capsule layered like an onion?
A) Golgi tendon organ B) Merkel's disk C) pacinian corpuscle D) Ruffini's end organ |
pacinian corpuscle
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All of the following nerve endings are found in the skin EXCEPT
A) pacinian corpuscles. B) proprioceptors. C) Ruffini's corpuscles. D) tactile discs. |
proprioceptors
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You sense a tick crawling up your arm. Which of these receptors is involved?
A) hair follicle receptors B) Krause end bulbs C) pacinian corpuscles D) Ruffini's corpuscles |
hair follicle receptors
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The neuron of the spinothalamic system that ascends within the spinal cord and carries sensory information from a dorsal horn to the thalamus is designated a
A) primary neuron B) secondary neuron C) tertiary neuron D) quaternary neuron |
secondary neuron
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The neuron of the spinothalamic system that sends impulses from the thalamus to the somatic sensory cortex is designated a
A) primary neuron B) secondary neuron C) tertiary neuron D) quaternary neuron |
tertiary neuron
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In which of the following ascending pathways or tracts do the secondary neurons decussate within the spinal cord?
A) fasciculus cuneatus B) posterior spinocerebellar tracts C) fasciculus gracilis D) spinothalamic tracts |
spinothalamic tracts
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Decussation of ascending spinal pathways occurs mainly within the
A) midbrain and medulla oblongata B) pons and medulla oblongata C) spinal cord and medulla oblongata D) spinal cord only |
spinal cord and medulla oblongata
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The fasciculus gracilis on each side of the spinal cord is located in the
A) dorsal column. B) lateral column. C) posterior horn. D) ventral column. |
dorsal column
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The fasciculus gracilis and the fasciculus cuneatus are both tracts of which pathway?
A) dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system B) spinocerebellar C) spinalthalamic D) spinoreticular |
dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system
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The posterior spinocerebellular tract in each half of the spinal cord is located in the
A) dorsal column B) lateral column C) posterior horn D) ventral column |
lateral column
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Ascending tracts of the spinal cord occur in the
A) columns. B) gray commissure. C) horns. D) roots. |
columns
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Which of the following spinal cord ascending tracts conveys sensory information about which we become consciously aware?
A) spinocerebellular B) spinoolivary C) spinoreticular D) spinothalamic |
spinothalamic
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The primary somatic sensory cortex is located in the
A) angular gyrus B) cingulated gyrus C) precentral gyrus D) postcentral gyrus |
postcentral gyrus
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An injury to the lateral portion of the postcentral gyrus in the right hemisphere would result in some loss of sensation in the
A) left lower limb. B) right lower limb. C) left facial area. D) right facial area. |
left facial area
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The medial lemniscus
A) is a tract of nerve fibers that conveys sensory signals to the thalamus. B) receives information from the brain and spinal cord and relays it to the cerebellum. C) provides an avenue of communication between the two cerebral hemispheres. D) links the primary motor area to the primary sensory area. |
is a tract of nerve fibers that conveys sensory signals to the thalamus
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Sensory information on its way from your hand to the cerebral cortex would pass through the following structures in what sequence?
1. medulla oblongata 2. midbrain 3. pons 4. spinal cord 5. thalamus A) 4-1-3-2-5 B) 4-1-2-3-5 C) 4-1-2-5-3 D) 4-2-1-3-5 |
4-1-3-2-5
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If the lateral spinothalamic tract is cut, which of the following sensations would be absent on the opposite side below the incision?
A) light touch and pressure B) light touch and itch C) pain and temperature D) pressure and itch |
pain and temperature
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Which of the following tracts conducts sensory impulses for pain and temperature from various levels of the spinal cord to the thalamus?
A) anterior spinothalamic tracts B) fasiculus cuneatus C) fasiculus gracilis D) lateral spinothalamic tracts |
lateral spinothalamic tracts
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Severing which part of the spinothalamic tract would result in pain impulses from the right side being blocked?
A) right anterior B) left anterior C) right lateral D) left lateral |
left lateral
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Each of the following are correctly paired EXCEPT
A) spinocerebellar tract - proprioception B) spinoolivary tract - balance C) spinotectal tract - visual reflexes D) spinothalamic tract - two-point discrimination |
spinothalamic tract - two-point discrimination
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You touch a hot object, the signal reaches the thalamus but the sensation of hot is not perceived. Which of the following is NOT transmitting the signal to an intact postcentral gyrus?
A) primary neuron B) receptor C) secondary neuron D) tertiary neuron |
tertiary neuron
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You stick yourself with a pin but a signal is not transmitted to the thalamus. Which of the following is NOT involved in your failure to perceive the pain?
A) receptor B) primary neuron C) secondary neuron D) tertiary neuron |
tertiary neuron
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Which of the following is NOT true about cutaneous information detected below the head that results in a sensation?
A) Transmission involves a three-neuron pathway. B) The signals are routed to the cerebral cortex through the thalamus. C) The signals travel up the spinal cord in specific ascending tracts. D) The signals always decussate in the medulla oblongata to reach the cerebral hemisphere on the opposite side. |
The signals always decussate in the medulla oblongata to reach the cerebral hemisphere on the opposite side.
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The sensory areas for vision are located in the
A) frontal lobes. B) occipital lobes. C) parietal lobes. D) temporal lobes. |
occipital lobes
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The sensations of temperature, touch, pressure and pain occur in the
A) precentral gyrus of each frontal lobe. B) postcentral gyrus of each parietal lobe. C) posterior portions of each occipital lobe. D) superior posterior portions of the temporal lobes. |
postcentral gyrus of each parietal lobe
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Somatic sensory signals are routed to which of the following areas?
A) angular gyrus B) cingulated gyrus C) precentral gyrus D) postcentral gyrus |
postcentral gyrus
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The occipital lobes contain which of the following primary sensory areas?
A) auditory B) olfactory C) taste D) visual |
visual
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Incoming visual information is compared with past visual experience in which of the following areas?
A) Broca's area B) visual association area C) visual cortex D) Wernicke's area |
visual association area
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In which of the following areas does word recognition occur?
A) auditory association area B) Broca's area C) primary auditory cortex D) Wernicke's area |
auditory association area
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The neuron that ascends within the spinal cord and carries sensory information from a dorsal horn to the thalamus is designated a
A) primary neuron. B) secondary neuron. C) tertiary neuron. D) quaternary neuron. |
secondary neuron
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In which of the following ascending pathways or tracts do the secondary neurons decussate within the spinal cord?
A) cuneate fasciculi B) dorsal spinocerebellar tracts C) gracile fasciculi D) spinothalamic tracts |
spinothalamic tracts
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Decussation of ascending spinal pathways occurs mainly within the
A) midbrain and medulla oblongata. B) pons and medulla oblongata. C) spinal cord and medulla oblongata. D) spinal cord only. |
spinal cord and medulla oblongata.
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The fasciculus gracilis on each side of the spinal cord is located in the
A) dorsal column. B) lateral column. C) posterior horn. D) ventral column. |
dorsal column
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The posterior spinocerebellar tract in each half of the spinal cord is located in the
A) dorsal column. B) lateral column. C) posterior horn. D) ventral column. |
lateral column
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Which of the following spinal cord ascending pathways conveys sensory information about which we become consciously aware?
A) spinocerebellular B) spinoolivary C) spinoreticular D) spinothalamic |
spinothalamic
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Nerve fibers that cross over from one side of the body to the other within the spinal cord or medulla oblongata are said to
A) decussate. B) diverge. C) deliquesce. D) translocate. |
decussate
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Which of the following tracts carry motor impulses to trunk and upper and lower limb muscles to maintain posture?
A) corticospinal tracts B) reticulospinal tracts C) spinocerebellular tracts D) spinothalamic tracts |
reticulospinal tracts
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Which of the following descending tracts of the spinal cord is NOT an indirect pathway?
A) anterior reticulospinal tracts B) lateral corticospinal tracts C) medial reticulospinal tracts D) rubrospinal tracts |
lateral corticospinal tracts
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Which of the following is NOT true about the lateral corticospinal tracts?
A) The motor nerve fibers in them originate primarily in the precentral gyrus of each frontal lobe. B) The fibers decussate in the pyramids of the medulla oblongata. C) The fibers descend in the spinal cord to motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles. D) The fibers provide for subconscious control of skeletal muscles. |
The fibers provide for subconscious control of skeletal muscles
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Which of the following is a spinal cord pathway or tract that is composed of motor fibers?
A) fasciculus cuneatus B) fasciculus gracilis C) spinothalamic tract D) vestibulospinal tract |
vestibulospinal tract
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Descending tracts of the spinal cord occur in the
A) columns. B) gray commissure. C) horns. D) roots. |
columns
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Which of the following is NOT true about the indirect pathways of the voluntary motor system?
A) They constitute the extrapyramidal system. B) The constitute one of the two groups of upper motor neurons. C) They are largely involved in controlling movements in the head and neck. D) Upper motor neurons synapse on intermediate neurons rather than directly with lower motor neurons. |
They are largely involved in controlling movements in the head and neck
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A pen is placed in your left hand behind your back. Which of the following tracts would NOT be involved in your ability to state what is in your hand?
A) association B) commissural C) corticobulbar D) corticospinal |
corticospinal
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The primary motor areas are located in the
A) precentral gyrus of each frontal lobe B) postcentral gyrus of each parietal lobe C) occipital lobes D) temporal lobes |
precentral gyrus of each frontal lobe
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The neurons in the primary motor area that control toe movements in your left foot are located
A) deep in the longitudinal fissure on the medial side of the right precentral gyrus. B) deep in the longitudinal fissure on the medial side of the left precentral gyrus. C) in the inferolateral region of the right precentral gyrus. D) in the inferolateral region of the left precentral gyrus. |
deep in the longitudinal fissure on the medial side of the right precentral gyrus
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The primary motor area is located in the __________ gyrus of each __________ lobe.
A) precentral; frontal B) precentral, parietal C) postcentral; frontal D) postcentral; parietal |
precentral; frontal
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In addition to planning and initiating movements, the prefrontal areas of the frontal lobes also functions to
A) help interpret sensory information and aid in understanding speech. B) analyze visual patterns and combine visual images with other sensory experiences. C) perform higher intellectual processes such as concentrating, planning and complex problem solving. D) recognize words and arrange them to express a thought. |
perform higher intellectual processes such as concentrating, planning and complex problem solving
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The motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movements is located in which of the following areas?
A) prefrontal area B) premotor area C) primary motor area D) Wernicke's area |
prefrontal area
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In what sequence would the following areas of the CNS be involved in a planned movement involving the hands?
1. brachial plexus 2. primary motor area 3. premotor area 4. prefrontal area A) 4-3-2-1 B) 4-2-3-1 C) 3-4-2-1 D) 2-3-4-1 |
4-3-2-1
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Which of the following tracts carry motor impulses that control posture adjustment?
A) corticospinal tracts B) reticulospinal tracts C) spinocerebellular tracts D) spinothalamic tracts |
reticulospinal tracts
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Which of the following is NOT true about the lateral corticospinal tracts?
A) The motor nerve fibers in them originate primarily in the precentral gyrus of each frontal lobe. B) The fibers decussate in the pyramids of the medulla oblongata. C) The fibers descend in the spinal cord to motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles. D) The fibers provide for subconscious control of skeletal muscles. |
The fibers provide for subconscious control of skeletal muscles
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Which of the following is a spinal cord pathway or tract that is composed of motor fibers?
A) cuneate fasciculus B) gracile fasciculus C) spinothalamic tract D) vestibulospinal tract |
vestibulospinal tract
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Because of injuries received in an automobile accident, a young man remains hospitalized in a coma. It is likely the injuries affected his
A) amygdala. B) hippocampus. C) limbic system. D) reticular formation. |
reticular formation.
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The condition resulting from a lesion in the premotor area that causes impairment of a musician's ability to play the piano is called
A) aphasia. B) apraxia. C) athetosis. D) amorphosynthesis. |
apraxia
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The group of nuclei scattered throughout the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain that activates the cerebral cortex into a state of wakefulness is called the
A) island of Reil. B) limbic system. C) reticular formation. D) Wernicke's area. |
reticular formation
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Damage to the reticular formation is most likely to result in which of the following?
A) amnesia B) exaggerated expressions of anger, fear and aggression C) irreversible coma D) loss of vision |
irreversible coma
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Which of the following cranial nerves does not have axons that pass through the brainstem or nuclei in the brainstem?
A) facial (VII) nerve B) glossopharyngeal (IX) C) olfactory (I) nerve D) optic (II) nerve |
olfactory (I) nerve
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What type of brain wave is recorded when a student is actively involved in formulating an answer to a question posed in class?
A) alpha B) beta C) delta D) theta |
beta
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Which low-frequency brain waves are normal in children and sleeping adults but suggest emotional stress or brain disorders in awake adults?
A) alpha B) beta C) delta D) theta |
theta
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Which type of brain wave occurs during deep sleep?
A) alpha B) beta C) delta D) theta |
delta
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What type(s) of brain waves predominate in an EEG recorded during stage 4 sleep?
A) alpha B) alpha and theta C) delta D) delta and theta |
delta
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Which of the following is NOT true about REM sleep?
A) eyes flicker under the eyelids B) the EEG resembles that of a waking state C) most dreams occur during REM sleep D) occurs during stage 2 of sleep |
occurs during stage 2 of sleep
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Which of the following is an abbreviation for the name of a recording of the electrical activity of the brain?
A) CVA B) ECG C) EEG D) EKG |
EEG
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A lesion in Broca's area results in defective speech, which is a type of
A) aphasia. B) apraxia. C) athetosis. D) amorphosynthesis. |
aphasia
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Broca's area
A) controls voluntary movements of the eyes and eyelids. B) controls motor functions that maintain balance and posture. C) coordinates complex muscular actions that make speech possible. D) controls the muscular movements of the hands and fingers that make skills such as writing possible. |
coordinates complex muscular actions that make speech possible
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What area of the cerebral cortex is thought to be involved with explicit or declarative memory?
A) Broca's area B) hippocampus C) infundibulum D) insula |
hippocampus
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How does sensory information reaching the left cerebral hemisphere get transferred to the right hemisphere to be used in decision making and speaking?
A) by way of the medulla oblongata B) through the red nucleus C) by way of nerve fibers in the corpus callosum D) through the thalamus |
by way of nerve fibers in the corpus callosum
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In most people, Wernicke's area communicates with Broca's area through ____ fibers.
A) association B) commissural C) descending D) projection |
association
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What is the complex of structures called that controls emotional experience and can modify the way a person acts?
A) Broca's area B) limbic system C) reticular formation D) vasomotor center |
limbic system
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Which of the following structures is involved in both explicit memory as well as the development of fear?
A) amygdaloid nucleus B) Broca's area C) hippocampus D) Wernicke's area |
amygdaloid nucleus
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In what sequence would the following areas of the brain be involved for you to see, recognize, and tell someone about the words in this sentence?
1. Broca's area 2. Wernicke's area 3. primary motor cortex 4. visual cortex A) 1-2-3-4 B) 4-2-1-3 C) 4-2-3-1 D) 4-3-2-1 |
4-2-1-3
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Which of the following is NOT involved in the formation and expression of feelings and emotions?
A) amygdala B) cerebellum C) hypothalamus D) prefrontal cortex |
cerebellum
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In what sequence would the following areas be involved for you to repeat a word you hear?
1. Wernicke's area 2. Broca's area 3. primary auditory cortex 4. premotor area 5. primary motor cortex A) 3-2-1-4-5 B) 3-2-1-5-4 C) 3-1-2-4-5 D) 1-3-2-4-5 |
3-1-2-4-5
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Procedural memory is stored primarily in which of the following areas?
A) cerebellum and amygdala B) cerebellum and hippocampus C) cerebellum and premotor area D) hippocampus and amygdala |
cerebellum and premotor area
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Which of the following is an effect of aging on the nervous system?
A) an increased sense of two-point discrimination B) identify objects by touch more easily C) decreased awareness of tactile stimulation D) reduction in the number of free nerve endings |
decreased awareness of tactile stimulation
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Which of the following statements are true in regards to the general sleep pattern the elderly?
A) Less time is required to fall asleep and there are more periods of wakefulness during the night. B) Less time is required to fall asleep and there are fewer periods of wakefulness during the night. C) More time is required to fall asleep and there are more periods of wakefulness during the night. D) More time is required to fall asleep and there are fewer periods of wakefulness during the night. |
More time is required to fall asleep and there are more periods of wakefulness during the night.
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Which of these types of receptors responds to pain stimuli?
A) chemoreceptors B) mechanoreceptors C) nociceptors D) photoreceptors E) thermoreceptors |
nociceptors
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Which senses provide information about various internal organs?
A) somatic B) visceral C) special |
visceral
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Sensations can occur only
A) at the receptor. B) within the afferent neuron. C) in the cerebral cortex. D) in an effector, such as skeletal muscle. E) in the cerebellum. |
in the cerebral cortex
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The stimuli received by sensory receptors
A) originate exclusively inside the body B) all result in sensation C) are relayed to the spinal cord and brain D) are highly variable for most sensory receptors |
are relayed to the spinal cord and brain
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Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called
A) adaptation. B) projection. C) association. D) perception. E) sensation. |
adaptation
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Afferent nerve endings in joints and tendons are called
A) exteroreceptors. B) proprioceptors. C) visceroreceptors. |
proprioceptors
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Afferent nerve endings associated with the skin that provide information about the external environment are called
A) exteroreceptors. B) visceroreceptor. C) proprioceptors. |
exteroreceptors
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Free nerve endings respond to which of these stimuli?
A) itch B) movement C) pain D) temperature E) all of these |
all of these
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Which of these nerve endings sense continuous touch or pressure, and are found primarily in the dermis of the fingers?
A) Merkel's disks B) Hair follicle receptors C) Pacinian corpuscles D) Ruffini's end organs E) free nerve endings |
Ruffini's end organs
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Which of these nerve endings are found in the dermal papillae, and are associated with two-point discrimination?
A) Merkel's disks B) hair follicle receptors C) pacinian corpuscles D) Ruffini's end organs E) Meissner's corpuscles |
Meissner's corpuscles
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Which of these sensory nerve endings senses deep cutaneous pressure, vibration, and proprioception, and is found in the deep dermis or hypodermis?
A) Merkel's disks B) hair follicle receptors C) pacinian corpuscles D) Ruffini's end organs E) free nerve endings |
pacinian corpuscles
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Afferent fibers carrying general sensory input synapse in the __________ , and then the information is relayed to the primary somatic sensory cortex.
A) medulla oblongata B) pons C) midbrain D) thalamus E) hypothalamus |
thalamus
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Which major ascending pathway (tract) is involved in the conscious perception of external stimuli?
A) spinocerebellar B) spinoolivary C) spinotectal D) spinothalamic E) spinoreticular |
spinothalamic
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Which ascending spinal pathway (tract) carries pain and temperature information to the cerebral cortex?
A) lateral spinothalamic B) posterior spinocerebellar C) anterior spinothalamic D) spinoolivary E) spinotectal |
lateral spinothalamic
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Which ascending spinal pathway (tract) carries light touch, pressure, tickle, and itch sensation to the cerebral cortex?
A) lateral spinothalamic B) posterior spinocerebellar C) anterior spinothalamic D) spinoolivary E) spinotectal |
anterior spinothalamic
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Which ascending spinal pathway (tract) carries the sensations of two-point discrimination, proprioception, pressure and vibration?
A) lateral spinothalamic B) posterior spinocerebellar C) anterior spinothalamic D) dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system E) spinotectal |
dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system
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Which ascending spinal pathway (tract) carries the same sensory information as the spinothalamic tracts and the dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system, but from the face nasal cavity, oral cavity, and teeth?
A) spinotectal B) trigeminothalamic C) spinoolivary |
trigeminothalamic
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Which is true of the spinothalamic tracts?
A) contain primary neurons that enter the spinal cord and synapse with secondary neurons B) contain secondary neurons that cross the spinal cord, ascend to the thalamus, and synapse with tertiary neurons. C) contain tertiary neurons that project to the somatic sensory cortex D) all of the above |
all of the above
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Which of the following ascending sensory pathways (tracts) contains secondary neurons that cross at the level of the medulla?
A) lateral spinothalamic B) anterior spinothalamic C) dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system D) posterior spinocerebellar |
dorsal-column/medial-lemniscal system
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The largest area of the somatic sensory cortex contains sensory neurons associated with the
A) arm. B) face. C) hand. D) leg. E) thigh. |
face
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The visual cortex and the visual association area are located in the
A) frontal lobe. B) insula lobe. C) occipital lobe. D) parietal lobe. E) temporal lobe. |
occipital lobe
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The olfactory cortex is located in the
A) frontal lobe. B) insula lobe. C) occipital lobe. D) parietal lobe. E) temporal lobe. |
frontal lobe
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The primary audio cortex is located in the
A) frontal lobe. B) insula lobe. C) occipital lobe. D) parietal lobe. E) temporal lobe. |
temporal lobe
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Motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movement occurs in the
A) precentral gyrus. B) premotor area. C) postcentral gyrus. D) prefrontal area. |
prefrontal area
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Which is true of the corticospinal tract?
A) descending, direct motor nerve tract B) consists of anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts C) 80% of upper motor neurons decussate at the level of the medulla D) involved in direct cortical control of movements below the head E) all of the above |
all of the above
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All of the following are true of indirect pathways EXCEPT
A) originate in upper motor neurons of the cerebrum and cerebellum. B) have upper motor neurons that synapse with some intermediate nucleus rather than directly with lower motor neurons. C) pass through the pyramids. D) includes rubrospinal, vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts. |
pass through the pyramids
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The rubrospinal tract
A) is an indirect pathway (nerve tract). B) has upper motor neurons beginning at the red nucleus. C) decussates at the level of the midbrain. D) if damaged, may result in impaired forearm and hand movements (fine motor control). E) all of the above |
all of the above
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Cerebellar dysfunction may result in all of the following EXCEPT
A) decreased muscle tone. B) balance impairment. C) intention tremor. D) resting tremor. |
resting tremor
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The brain stem
A) contains nuclei from cranial nerves II-XII. B) is important in reflexes such as the cough reflex and the gag reflex. C) contains nuclei that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, sleeping, and swallowing. D) all of the above |
all of the above
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The main connection between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum is the
A) intermediate mass. B) thalamus. C) corpus callosum. D) vermis. E) midbrain. |
corpus callosum
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Given these areas of the cerebral cortex:
1. auditory association area 2. Broca's area 3. premotor area 4. primary auditory area 5. primary motor area 6. Wernicke's area What is the correct sequence that these areas would be used as someone says "Hi" to you; you hear and understand them and say "Hi" back to them? A) 4,1,2,6,3,5 B) 1,4,2,6,3,5 C) 4,1,6,2,5,3 D) 4,1,6,2,3,5 E) 1,4,6,2,3,5 |
4,1,6,2,3,5
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Which of these parts of the body has the greatest area represented in the primary motor cortex?
A) foot B) arm C) hand D) chest E) wrist |
hand
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A student is thinking intensely about the answer to a test question while she is recording an EEG. The types of brain waves on the EEG are most likely
A) alpha waves. B) beta waves. C) delta waves. |
beta waves
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Joe is 45, and has not ridden a bicycle since he was 18. To his amazement, he gets on a bike and rides with little effort. This is an example of
A) declarative memory. B) procedural memory. C) sensory memory. D) short-term memory. |
procedural memory
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The left cerebral hemisphere in most people
A) controls the left side of the body. B) is involved in three-dimensional spatial perception. C) is involved with musical ability. D) is involved with recognition of faces. E) is involved with mathematics and speech. |
is involved with mathematics and speech
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The limbic system is most involved in the control of
A) sleep and wakefulness. B) maintaining posture. C) higher intellectual processes. D) motor coordination. E) emotions and basic "drives". |
emotions and basic "drives"
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One major effect of the basal nuclei is to
A) inhibit unwanted muscular activity. B) increase muscle tone. C) influence emotions. D) mediate pleasurable sensations. E) process olfactory sensations. |
inhibit unwanted muscular activity
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The major function of the cerebellum is to act as a
A) relay center between the medulla and pons. B) comparator between intended movements and actual movements. C) center for emotions. D) receptive speech area. |
comparator between intended movements and actual movements
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Which of these spinal pathways carries information from the right side of the body to the right side of the brain?
A) anterior spinothalamic system B) lateral spinothalamic system C) spinocerebellar system D) anterior corticospinal system E) medial lemniscal system |
spinocerebellar system
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The pyramidal system
A) controls rapid, skilled skeletal muscle movements. B) crosses over from one side of the nervous system to the other. C) includes the corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts. D) is a descending nerve pathway. E) all of these |
all of these
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