Chapter 12 Abnormal Psychology

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Personality Disorder

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persistent pattern of emotions,cognitions, and behavior that results in enduring emotional distress for the person affected or for others and can cause difficulties with work and relationships

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Five-Factor Model

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-extroversion (talkative, assertive, and active versus silent, passive, and reserved)

-agreeableness (kind, trusting, and warm versus hostile, selfish, and mistrustful)

-conscientiousness (organized, thorough, and reliable versus careless, negligent, and unreliable)

-neuroticism (even-tempered versus nervous, moody, and temperamental)

-openness to experience

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Personality Disorder Clusters

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-Cluster A: called odd or eccentric cluster; paranoia, schizoid, and schizotypal

-Cluster B: dramatic emotional or erratic cluster;antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic

-Cluster C: anxious or fearful cluster; avoidant, dependent, and OCD

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Gender Differences

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-men: characterized as aggressive, structured, self assertive and detached -> antisocial personality disorder

- women tend to present with characteristics that are more submissive, emotional and insecure ->histrionic personality disorder

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Comorbidity

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condition where a person has multiple diseases

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Paranoid Personality Disorder- Cluster A

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- excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others, without any justification. They assume other people are out to harm or trick them; therefore, they tend not to confide in others.

- use CBT to help

-cultural factors cause this the most, but biological and psychological issues may also be a key part

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Schizoid Personality Disorder- Cluster A

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-how a pattern of detachment from social relationships and a limited range of emotions in interpersonal situations. They seem aloof, cold, and indifferent to other people. The term schizoid is relatively old, having been used by Bleuler (1924) to describe people who have a tendency to turn inward and away from the outside world. These people were said to lack emotional expressiveness and pursued vague interests.

-ideas of reference: mistaken beliefs that meaningless events relate just to them

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Schizotypal Personality Disorder- Cluster A

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have psychotic-like (but not psychotic) symptoms (such as believing everything relates to them personally), social deficits, and sometimes cognitive impairments or paranoia (Kwapil & Barrantes-Vidal, 2012). These individuals are often considered odd or bizarre because of how they relate to other people, how they think and behave, and even how they dress.

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DSM 5

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1-4 means you do not have mental disorder

5-9 means you do have mental disorder

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Psychopathy

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Glibness/superficial charm

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Grandiose sense of self-worth

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Pathological lying

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Conning/manipulative

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Lack of remorse or guilt

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Callous/lack of empathy

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Borderline Personality Disorder-Cluster B

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-(dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, affects, and control over impulses.

-very suicidal

- more likely to happen in both twins if identical

-occurs when once abused

-mood stabilizers

-dialetical behavior therapy (DBT): cope with stressors and suicidal thoughts

-another treatment is similar to the PTSD

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Histrionic Personality disorder-Cluster B

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-theatrical in manner

-mostly in women

-treated by being rewarded for good actions and fined for attention getting behavior

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Antisocial Personality Disorder- Cluster B

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-(dramatic, emotional, or erratic) personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others.

-occurs mostly in men

-probable reason why:underarousal hypothesis, psychopaths have abnormally low levels of cortical arousal

- seven behaviors

-antisocial and psychopathy are still debated about whether or not they are related

-show less reaction to anxiety and fear

-incarceration is one of the best treatments

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Conduct Disorder- Cluster B

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- designation is an indication that the young person presents in a way that suggests personality characteristics similar to an adult with psychopathy.

-childhood onset type

-adolescent onset type

-typically found in boys

- can be genetically related

- related to antisocial personality disorder

-need a set of 15 specific behaviors

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Narcissistic Personality Disorder

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-personality disorder involving a pervasive pattern of grandiosity in fantasy or behavior, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.

-profound failure of modeling empathy by parents

-relaxation,cognitive therapy all reduce expectants and make them live day by day

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How Antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, or criminality may develop

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genetic influences produce differences in neurohormone testosterone-> child develops an aggressive temperament-> parents reinforce the child's aggressive tendencies by giving

into behavior problems

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Antisocial Personality Traits and Behavior

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Genetic Influences cause damage to a person's amygdala-> person grows up unable to recognize cues that signal threat-> person eventually becomes fearless

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Avoidant Personality Disorder- Cluster C

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-Cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism.

-apathetic, affectively fat, and relatively uninterested in interpersonal relationships

-therapy is used

-born with different genes or did not receive love growing up

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Dependent Personality Disorder- Cluster C

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-Cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder characterized by a person’s pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, a condition that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation.

-behavioral characteristics, including submissiveness, timidity, and passivity.

- similar to avoidant but clingy to relationships

- therapy treatment to make independent

-caused by biological factors

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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder-Cluster C

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-Cluster C (anxious or fearful) personality disorder featuring a pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency.

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Personality Disorder

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- doesnt need stress to create this