Chapter 1-5 Spc 1017 Mdc Fundamentals Of Speech Communication

Front 1

intrapersonal communication

Back 1

within self

Front 2

interpersonal

Back 2

btwn ppl

Front 3

email is

Back 3

asynchronous

Front 4

texting and IM is

Back 4

synchronous

Front 5

linear view vs two way...

Back 5

transactional view of human communications

Front 6

feedforward

Back 6

info u provide before sending your message

Front 7

small talk =

Back 7

phatic comms = a type of feedforward

Front 8

feedback can be

Back 8

verbal or nonverbal

Front 9

metamessage

Back 9

a msg that refers to another msg

Front 10

physical, cultural, socio-psychological, temporal ARE ALL

Back 10

CONTEXTS

Front 11

vocal, olfactory, visual ARE ALL

Back 11

COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

Front 12

NOISE =

Back 12

ANYTHING THAT interferes with receiving the msg

Front 13

physical, physiological, psychological and semantic are all

Back 13

TYPE OF NOISE

Front 14

SIGNAL TO NOISE RATIO

Back 14

IS IMPORTANT FOR DETERMINING USEFULNESS OF COMMUNICATION STYLE

Front 15

NOISE CANNOT BE ELIMINATED BUT ITS

Back 15

effects can be reduced

Front 16

effect =

Back 16

consequence of a communication

Front 17

communication competence

Back 17

knowledge and skill with it, competence is culture specific

Front 18

the competent communicator is

Back 18

ethical, effective listener, AND HIS COMMUNICATIONS ARE PURPOSEFUL

Front 19

objective view of ethics

Back 19

same standards apply everywhere

Front 20

subjective view of ethics

Back 20

argues that absolute statements are too rigid

Front 21

adjustment

Back 21

communication can take place only to the extent that the communicators adjust to each other by USING THE SAME SIGNALS

Front 22

Communication accomodation theory -

Back 22

speakers adjust to or accomadate to the speaking style of their listener in order to gain approval

Front 23

ambiguity

Back 23

should be reduced in communication

Front 24

two levels of comms

Back 24

content and relationship dimensions, msg is either about content or about relationships

Front 25

must consider both

Back 25

the content and relationship aspects of any statement or message

Front 26

six types of power in comms (pg 15-16)

Back 26

legitimate power, referent power, reward power, coercive power, expert power, information power

Front 27

legitimate power

Back 27

based on position

Front 28

referent power

Back 28

others want to be like you, respected

Front 29

reward power

Back 29

u control rewards others want

Front 30

coercive power

Back 30

u can administer punishments

Front 31

expert power

Back 31

u have expertise or special knowledge

Front 32

information power

Back 32

u can persuade ppl

Front 33

comms are punctuated in order to

Back 33

ogether define each event as either a stimulus or response

Front 34

communication is inevitable

Back 34

that means u cannot NOT respond to others msgs, and u cannot NOT send a msg

Front 35

communication is irreversible

Back 35

u cannot unsay something

Front 36

communication is unrepeatable

Back 36

a communication act can never be duplicated

Front 37

culture is important to comms because of

Back 37

demographics, high sensitivity to cultural differences, economic interdependency, comms technology advances,

Front 38

elements of culture

Back 38

uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, power distance aka power distribution, individualism vs collectivism, high and low context aka how important context is to comms,

Front 39

ethnocentrism aka ethnocentricity

Back 39

seeing others cultures and actions through your culture's filters

Front 40

the higher the communication distance, the high the level of

Back 40

ethnocentrism

Front 41

looking glass self

Back 41

how others communicate with you depends on their perception of u

Front 42

self concept =

Back 42

social comparions + cultural teachings + self evaluation + other's ratings of you

Front 43

the 4 selves =

Back 43

the open self, the (purposely) hidden self, unknown (to anybody) self, blind self (what u dont know that others do know about you)

Front 44

growing in self awareness is done by

Back 44

increasing your open self, listening to ppl, seek info about yourself, dialogue with yourself

Front 45

self esteem

Back 45

how valuable u think u r, and what u think ur abilities r

Front 46

ways to increase self esteem

Back 46

attack self destruct. beliefs, seek out nourishing ppl, work on projects that will result in success, remind yourself of your successes, practice affirmations

Front 47

self-disclosure

Back 47

disclosing info about yourself to another person

Front 48

outing

Back 48

when the mass media reveals info about someone

Front 49

dangers of self disclosure

Back 49

personal risks (what ppl can use against you), relationship risks, professional risks

Front 50

factors affecting self disclosure are:

Back 50

personal identity, gender, culture, listeners, topic and channel

Front 51

rewards of self disclosure

Back 51

self-knowledge, improved coping, communication enhancement, more meaningful relationships

Front 52

dyadic effect

Back 52

u r more likely to disclose when a person around u discloses too

Front 53

guidelines for making self disclosures:

Back 53

consider the motivation, appropriateness, the other person's disclosures, potential burdens of self disclosure

Front 54

guidelines for facilitation/responding to others' self disclosures:

Back 54

support, reciprocate, confidentiality, don't use them against them

Front 55

guidelines for resisting pressure to self-disclose

Back 55

change topic, be assertive

Front 56

perception

Back 56

how we interpret the world aka the 'booming buzzing confusing' as psychologist william james called the world

Front 57

perception has how many stages

Back 57

5

Front 58

stage 1 of perception = stimulation

Back 58

can consist of selective attention, selective perception, selective exposure

Front 59

stage 2 of perception =

Back 59

organization, by either rules or schemata or scripts

Front 60

in stage 2 of perception, organization by RULES can be done according to

Back 60

either rules of contrast, proximity or similarity

Front 61

in stage 2 of perception, organization can be by schemata, which are

Back 61

mental templates or mental structures or paradigms

Front 62

when organization is by scripts in stage 2 of perception, a script is

Back 62

a schema that focuses on actions and procedures

Front 63

interpretation evaluation is stage #

Back 63

3

Front 64

memory is stage number

Back 64

4

Front 65

recall is stage number...

Back 65

= stage 5

Front 66

info recalled can be consistent or inconsistent with

Back 66

your schema

Front 67

impression formation is aka

Back 67

person perception

Front 68

self fulfilling prophecy

Back 68

when u help fulfill ur perception of a person

Front 69

halo effect

Back 69

when u associate one good quality with others and assume they have them all because they have one good quality

Front 70

primacy

Back 70

when what occurred first exerts the most influence

Front 71

recency

Back 71

when what occurred last exerts the most influence

Front 72

we increase our own effectiveness when we understand others'

Back 72

perceptions

Front 73

consistency

Back 73

tendency to maintain balance among perceptions or attitudes

Front 74

attribution of control

Back 74

when u focus on explaining why someone behaved the way they did

Front 75

self serving bias

Back 75

to take credit for positive and deny responsibility for the negative

Front 76

overattribution

Back 76

to single out one or two characteristics of a person and attribute everything that person does to this one or two characteristics

Front 77

fundamental attribution error

Back 77

when u overvalue the contribution of internal factors such as personality, and undervalue the contribution of external factors such as situational context or environment...thinking ppl do what they do b/c that's who they are, not because of the situation theyre in...

Front 78

we all have roles in perception and should avoid

Back 78

early conclusions

Front 79

believing the world is fair will make you overemphasize internal factors so beware of the

Back 79

"just world" hypothesis

Front 80

perception checking

Back 80

explore ur thoughts about someone to see if u were really right

Front 81

to reduce uncertainty about a person

Back 81

try to watch them when they are under pressure, interact with them, ask others about them

Front 82

affinity seeking strategies

Back 82

present urself as relaxed and enthusiastic, active and dynamic

Front 83

politeness strategies

Back 83

- balance your negative face and positive face and preserve both

Front 84

positive face

Back 84

desire to be viewed positively

Front 85

negative face

Back 85

the desire to be autonomous

Front 86

credibility strategies

Back 86

to be believed

Front 87

self-handicapping strategies

Back 87

to excuse failure in anticipation

Front 88

to secure help people take part in:

Back 88

self-deprecating strategies

Front 89

to hide faults, people use

Back 89

self-monitoring strategies

Front 90

to be followed, people use

Back 90

influencing strategies

Front 91

to confirm self image, people use

Back 91

image confirming strategies

Front 92

listening helps establish and communicate

Back 92

power

Front 93

effective listeners can go on to become

Back 93

leaders

Front 94

listening is what type of process

Back 94

circular

Front 95

in the receiving stage of listening, you have to confront

Back 95

mixed messaged

Front 96

disclaiming

Back 96

asking your listeners to pls receive a msg without prejudice

Front 97

disclaiming methods are:

Back 97

hedging, credentialing, sin licenses, cognitive disclaimers, appeals for suspension of judgment (see pg 55)

Front 98

five stage model of listening process (pg 55)

Back 98

rcving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, responding

Front 99

understanding

Back 99

grasping the thoughts and their accompanying emotional tone

Front 100

understanding also means to

Back 100

place the speaker's thoughts in a context and rephrase their ideas if necessary

Front 101

remembering

Back 101

is more than reproducing what was said, it is reconstructing it

Front 102

resist evaluating a Point of view

Back 102

unless u fully understand it

Front 103

distinguish facts from

Back 103

inferences by the speaker

Front 104

responding occurs in two forms

Back 104

those u make while speaker talks and those after speaker is done talking

Front 105

those responses that happen while the speaker is still talking are called:

Back 105

backchanneling cues

Front 106

ethical listening

Back 106

owing the speaker honest responses and evaluating message fairly

Front 107

take ownership of your responses by responding with

Back 107

"I" messages

Front 108

barriers to listening include

Back 108

physical distractions, mental distractions, biases, lack of appropriate focus, premature judgment

Front 109

styles of effective listening include

Back 109

empathic and objective listening, nonjudgmental and critical listening, surface and depth listening, polite and impolite listening, active and inactive listening

Front 110

listening is situational

Back 110

meaning it varies with the situation

Front 111

display rules

Back 111

culture-specific rules that govern which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate and which are inappropriate in a public setting

Front 112

the type and breadth of a person's feedback and nonverbal behaviors can be a function of a person's particular:

Back 112

culture

Front 113

men want to show their knowledge and women seek to build

Back 113

rapport

Front 114

women are better than men at

Back 114

showing listening cues and showing they are listening

Front 115

when listening, you have to make adjustments between the

Back 115

different forms of listening, active or inactive, etc

Front 116

researcher Tanner argues that men listen less to women than

Back 116

women listen to men, BECAUSE listening supposedly places an individual in an inferior position

Front 117

paraphrasing

Back 117

saying something in your own words

Front 118

when listening try to capture

Back 118

the central ideas and main evidence

Front 119

situation listening is

Back 119

adaptive

Front 120

empathic listening

Back 120

listening to what the person is feeling AND thinking

Front 121

active listening

Back 121

sending back to the listener what you think they meant

Front 122

sensitivity means you

Back 122

want to decrease the distance between yourself and others

Front 123

avoidance means you

Back 123

avoid and limit interactions, especially intimate communication with interculturally different others

Front 124

1) language ambiguity

Back 124

..is created by words that have more than one meaning or way to be interpreted

Front 125

2) relationship ambiguity

Back 125

...is not knowing the limits of what you can and cant say to your partner or what the future really holds for both of you or how they really feel or how much they know about how you really feel

Front 126

some cultures show high uncertainty ________

Back 126

avoidance

Front 127

Barriers to successful communication include

Back 127

message overload and message complexity.

Front 128

message complexity

Back 128

message too complicated

Front 129

message overload

Back 129

(when a person receives too many messages at the same time)

Front 130

ability to analyze, evaluate and produce messages in the mass media is your

Back 130

media literacy

Front 131

when you get blank stares from your listeners, that is still considered a form of

Back 131

feedback

Front 132

communication technology has

Back 132

made modern mass communication more potent

Front 133

the receiver is a decoder and the sender is the

Back 133

encoder

Front 134

the transactional model is the one that defines ppl as

Back 134

either encoders or decoders at any given time

Front 135

five basic purposes of communications

Back 135

play, help, relate, learn, influence

Front 136

small group communications refers to groups of

Back 136

5-10 people

Front 137

public communications refers to groups of

Back 137

11 or more people

Front 138

interpersonal communication happens with people you

Back 138

already know or have some sort of relationship with

Front 139

looking glass self is a concept that has to do with how your ________ see you

Back 139

closest friends and family

Front 140

self disclosure is

Back 140

info voluntarily shared with others

Front 141

one reason for self disclosure in a relationship is

Back 141

relationship development

Front 142

in the stimulation stage of perception, that is where we choose

Back 142

an event to perceive or choose what we will be perceiving

Front 143

perception checking

Back 143

helps improve accuracy of your perceptions

Front 144

selective exposure

Back 144

when u tend to expose yourself to info that will confirm ur existing beliefs

Front 145

selective attention

Back 145

when u attend to those things that u anticipate will fulfill ur needs and which u anticipate u will find enjoyable

Front 146

2 types of selective perception are

Back 146

selective attention and selective exposure

Front 147

the process by which the perceiver groups together two or more stimuli that are close together

Back 147

proximity

Front 148

the johari window shows the 4 selves which are

Back 148

blind, hidden, open, unknown

Front 149

sarah in her video blog was an example of

Back 149

self disclosure

Front 150

in the video blog in quiz 2, sarah's self concept was NOT the same thing as

Back 150

sarah's measure of how valuable she thinks she is in accomplishments and activities

Front 151

dyads

Back 151

groups of 2 ppl

Front 152

disinhibition effect occurs in

Back 152

online communications

Front 153

responding occurs in how many forms

Back 153

2 forms

Front 154

sharpen

Back 154

to isolate 1 part of msg, embellish, highlight

Front 155

in the video about brian and his mother talking about colleges, Brian's mother had a lack of

Back 155

appropriate focus

Front 156

being a better listener goes with having or developing

Back 156

an increased ability to influence others

Front 157

there are __ stages in listening

Back 157

five

Front 158

listening to a lecture in class is listening for

Back 158

surface information

Front 159

listening is a collection of skills that can be

Back 159

improved over time

Front 160

message meanings are not in the msg but instead are in

Back 160

ppl

Front 161

denotation

Back 161

objective meaning

Front 162

connotation

Back 162

subjective or emotional meaning given to term by the speaker

Front 163

Hayakawa talked about

Back 163

negative 'snarl' words and positive 'purr' words

Front 164

abstraction

Back 164

a general concept, not a specific and concrete term

Front 165

communicating with verbal msgs means

Back 165

choosing btwn abstract and specific terms to use

Front 166

directness

Back 166

less polite

Front 167

indirectness

Back 167

more polite

Front 168

women are more

Back 168

polite in giving orders and making them indirect

Front 169

netiquette

Back 169

internet politeness

Front 170

most women's or men's apologies are made

Back 170

to females

Front 171

assertiveness

Back 171

bold but not hurting others

Front 172

social networking politeniness

Back 172

avoid putting friends in awkward situations

Front 173

how to become assertive in a problem-solving situation:

Back 173

describe problem dont judge it, state how it affects you or makes you feel, propose workable solutions for everyone to save face, confirm understanding at the end

Front 174

assertiveness is not always

Back 174

called for

Front 175

cultural principles

Back 175

should be followed in communicating

Front 176

principle of cooperation

Back 176

in any comms exchange, both partied will help each other to understand each other

Front 177

conversational maxims

Back 177

four subprinciples of the principle of cooperation

Front 178

four conversational maxims are

Back 178

four subprinciples of cooperation are:

informational quality, relation (relevance), manner (clarity), quantity (informative as necessary)

Front 179

principle of peaceful relations

Back 179

peaceful relations are primary goal of comms

Front 180

principle of self-denigration

Back 180

to avoid taking credit for your own accomplishments

Front 181

principle of directness

Back 181

desired level of directness and indirectness changes based on culture and situation

Front 182

2 principles of japanese indirectness

Back 182

omoiyari - empathy

and

Sassuru - infer total meaning via cues, do not ask directly

Front 183

lying by commission

Back 183

making explicitly false statements

Front 184

lying by omission

Back 184

omitting relevant information causing others to draw false conclusions

Front 185

during conflict, women seek

Back 185

agreement

Front 186

men will express

Back 186

'bald disagreement' more often

Front 187

ableism

Back 187

discrimination against people with disabilities

Front 188

women more often use polite speech to

Back 188

gain compliance

Front 189

confirmation vs disconfirmation

Back 189

the extend to which you acknowledge the other person

Front 190

individual racism is in contrast with

Back 190

institutional racism

Front 191

disconfirmation

Back 191

ignoring someone's presence as well as their communications

Front 192

rejection

Back 192

you disagree with the person's message but you do not discredit the person

Front 193

psychologist William James

Back 193

stated that being ignored is the greatest punishment

Front 194

confirmation

Back 194

acknowledging a person's presence and accepting their self-definition at the same time

Front 195

signs of disconfirmation

Back 195

jumping to interpretation, interrupting, responding to a person only tangentially

Front 196

signs of confirmation

Back 196

encouraging expression, reacting exclusively to what a person says, asking questions and acknowledging questions,

Front 197

individual heterosexism is a more narrow term than

Back 197

institutional heterosexism

Front 198

institutional ageism can be seen in

Back 198

mandatory retirement laws and age restrictions

Front 199

individual ageism can be seen in

Back 199

particular portrayals of the elderly in the media

Front 200

individual heterosexism includes the belief that

Back 200

homosexuals cannot raise children or maintain stable relationships

Front 201

avoid overattribution, or attributing everything a person does to his sexual orientation, because that

Back 201

helps perpetuate negative stereotypes

Front 202

sex role sterotyping can be avoided if you refer to

Back 202

a male nurse or female doctor

Front 203

talking down or talking slowly to the elderly is showing

Back 203

individual ageism

Front 204

affectional orientation

Back 204

similar to the term sexual orientation, but referring to affection instead of sex.

Front 205

dont refer to age sex and race if it is

Back 205

unnecessary to do so

Front 206

extensionalize

Back 206

analyze something according to what it is instead of its label

Front 207

intensionalize

Back 207

to take into account the label first

Front 208

static evaluation

Back 208

judging somebody or something based on one static non-changing look or glance

Front 209

non-allness

Back 209

the attitude that you do not know all things and that there is always more to learn and assimilate

Front 210

allness

Back 210

thinking you know everything

Front 211

fact-inference confusion

Back 211

not properly distinguishing facts from assumptions or logical leaps of judgment or educated guesses (inferences)

Front 212

factual statements may be made only after

Back 212

observation

Front 213

factual statements are limited to what was

Back 213

observed

Front 214

factual statements may be made only by the

Back 214

observer

Front 215

factual statements may be made only about the

Back 215

past or present

Front 216

factual statements are subject to

Back 216

verifiable standards

Front 217

factual statements approach

Back 217

certainty

Front 218

inferential statements

Back 218

may be made at any time

Front 219

inferential statements

Back 219

go beyond what has been observed

Front 220

inferences may be made by

Back 220

anyone

Front 221

inferences involve varying degrees of

Back 221

probability

Front 222

inferences may be made at

Back 222

any time

Front 223

index

Back 223

a useful antidote to discrimination (pg 88)

Front 224

index

Back 224

a mental subscript in which everyone is an individual

Front 225

polarization means

Back 225

an either/or fallacy with either/or statements

Front 226

a date

Back 226

is a mental subscript that allows you to look at your statement within the context of the particular time and date when it was said

Front 227

in certain situations, either/or statements are

Back 227

fine

Front 228

dating your statement is important when your statement is

Back 228

evaluative, because where u were at that time is important to what you knew about the subject then

Front 229

there is a strong tendency toward polarization where people

Back 229

categorize others according to polar opposite qualities or black/white extremes

Front 230

indiscrimination

Back 230

the failure to distinguish between similar but different people

Front 231

institutional sexism involves

Back 231

customs and practices

Front 232

gay bashing is

Back 232

individual sexism

Front 233

retaining a judgment of a person, despite the inevitable changes in a person is known as

Back 233

static evaluation

Front 234

best to use inclusive terms like 'place of worship' instead of 'church', which is an

Back 234

exclusive term

Front 235

people in polychromic cultures believe that human relations are more important than

Back 235

the business at hand

Front 236

setting boundaries =

Back 236

regulating

Front 237

shy employee in video, alberto, to communicate with boss, used-

Back 237

'affect displays'

Front 238

impersonal is the opposite of

Back 238

interpersonal

Front 239

dont finish sentences of ppl with speech disorders or tell them to

Back 239

relax and slow down

Front 240

a conversation starts with an opening and the second stage is

Back 240

the feedforward

Front 241

phatic message

Back 241

Phatic Communication: Using conventional messages to establish rapport, to break the ice, and/or to end a conversation. You might hug, kiss, shake hands, bow

Front 242

nonverbal

Back 242

compliments verbal msgs

Front 243

nonverbal means can communicate

Back 243

both intimacy/love and anger etc

Front 244

nonverbal means can also communicate your relationship

Back 244

dominance and statis

Front 245

structuring conversation involves

Back 245

showing your are listening or ready to start talking

Front 246

kinesics

Back 246

body movements, emblems, illustrators, affect displays, regulators, adaptors

Front 247

emblems

Back 247

body movements that translate into phrases, like the ok sign

Front 248

affect displays

Back 248

movements of face that communicate emotional meaning

Front 249

regulators are behaviors that

Back 249

monitor, coordinate like nodding or leaning your head forward and opening mouth showing u r ready to speak

Front 250

adaptors

Back 250

gestures satisfying personal need like scratching

Front 251

self adaptors

Back 251

self touching like rubbing your nose

Front 252

alter adaptors

Back 252

movements that interact with a person, overtly like touching them or covertyly like folding your arms on your chest to keep your distance from them came

Front 253

object adaptors

Back 253

movements focused on objects

Front 254

illustrators

Back 254

movemnts that illustratee verbal msgs like circular hand movements when illustrating something large and round

Front 255

attractiveness is

Back 255

part of your body language

Front 256

facial movements can communicate at least the following eight emotions:

Back 256

happiness, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust, contempt and interest

Front 257

facial feedback hypothesis

Back 257

says that ur facial expression influences ur level of psychological arousal

Front 258

facial management techniques help express feelings while

Back 258

hiding others

Front 259

facial management techniques serve to

Back 259

intensify, deintensify, neutralize (cover up an emotion), mask (replacing an emotion with a fake emotion you don't really feel), simulate (show an emotion you dont feel)

Front 260

average age of mutual gaze in western culture

Back 260

1.18 seconds

Front 261

breaking cultural-specific eye contact rules implies you are showing:

Back 261

abnormally high or low interest in the person, self-consciousness, nervousness over your interaction, stress and surprise

Front 262

eye contact functions include

Back 262

monitoring feedback, securing attention, regulating conversation, signal nature of relationship, signal status, compensate for physical distance, block off unpleasant stimuli

Front 263

eye avoidance is related to

Back 263

civil inattention

Front 264

spatial communications

Back 264

is the study of proxemics

Front 265

four distances btwn communicators

Back 265

intimate, personal, social and public distance

Front 266

intimate distance

Back 266

18 inches or less apart

Front 267

personal distance

Back 267

18 inches+ to 4 feet apart

Front 268

social distance

Back 268

4+ feet to 12 feet

Front 269

public distance

Back 269

12+ to 25 feet

Front 270

territorialitty

Back 270

possessive reaction to an area or to particular objects

Front 271

primary territories

Back 271

areas u call ur own

Front 272

secondary territories

Back 272

areas that dont belong to u but with which u r associated

Front 273

public territories

Back 273

areas open to all ppl

Front 274

home field advantage

Back 274

dominance at home territory

Front 275

markers to signify ownership

Back 275

central, boundary and ear-marks

Front 276

boundary markers

Back 276

divide your territory from others, such as armrests separating seats on a bus

Front 277

earmarkers

Back 277

branding, nameplates, initials, trademarks showing possession of an object

Front 278

central markers

Back 278

items u place in ur territory to mark ur presence

Front 279

marking your territory

Back 279

is a healthy sign

Front 280

artifactual messages

Back 280

r conveyed through objects or arrangements made by human hands

Front 281

high status individuals in a society have the right to

Back 281

invade lower ranking individuals territories or homes

Front 282

respiration rates increase in the presence of

Back 282

red light

Front 283

blue is soothing and red is

Back 283

provocative

Front 284

brown as a color lacks

Back 284

authority

Front 285

green elicits a

Back 285

negative response

Front 286

black is

Back 286

too powerful

Front 287

yellow in western culture is seen as

Back 287

weak

Front 288

your clothing shows your willingness to

Back 288

conform to the rules and style of the organization

Front 289

long hair is seen as

Back 289

less conservative (end of page 103)