Chapter 05 - Sensation And Perception

Front 1

A rat will press a response bar hundreds of times if this results in the administration of cocaine. Apparently the pleasurable and reinforcing aspects of the drug are due to cocaine's effect on __________.

Back 1

Dopamine

Front 2

Ed lost one eye in an accident. His depth perception is slightly worse now because he can no longer use _______ ________.

Back 2

Retinal Disparity

Front 3

Frank is using a drug that increases the effectiveness of dopamine and norepinephrine. Frank most likely is using an _____________.

Back 3

Amphetamine

Front 4

Marika is hearing-impaired because her auditory receptors and the structure in which they are located were damaged by a strange virus. The virus must have infected the __________.

Back 4

Cochlea

Front 5

The EEG activity of Stage 2 sleep is characterized by __________ ___________.

Back 5

K-Complex waveforms

Front 6

The Navy radar operator perceives the new radar image as a small submarine. The fisherman sees the same radar image and perceives it to be a large school of fish. This is explained best by __________________.

Back 6

top-down processing

Front 7

The current view of the trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory of color is that

Back 7

Trichromatic theory applies in the retina, and the opponent process theory applies at higher levels.

Front 8

The frequency theory has difficulty accounting for pitch perception at high frequencies because?

Back 8

The maximum firing rate of neurons is too slow to represent the highest frequencies humans hear.

Front 9

What is the length of the average sleep cycle?

Back 9

90 minutes

Front 10

The sleep spindles and K complexes present in Lee's EEG have few activity. Lee has shifted from ______ to _______.

Back 10

Stage 2 Sleep to State 3 Sleep

Front 11

The two structures that focus the light are the _____ and ______.

Back 11

Cornea and lens

Front 12

Tom 140 lb., Dick, 190 lb., and Harry, 240 lb., are beginning a weight-loss diet. According to Weber's law (and assuming they all lose the same number of pounds per week) we should expect that ______ weight loss will be noticeable first.

Back 12

Tom's

Front 13

Vic has used a drug that increases dopamine and enhances GABA activity. This drug probably is __________.

Back 13

Alcohol

Front 14

What is the best explanation for your elderly friend not hearing the ringing cell phone you bought her? You were sure to set the ringtone to a high pitched catchy tune.

Back 14

Place Theory

Front 15

What type of receptor of the eye will be most helpful when trying to locate something in the dark?

Back 15

Rods

Front 16

____________ is in the same general category as alcohol.

Back 16

Barbiturates

Front 17

Night terrors typically occur in _______ _____.

Back 17

Non-REM sleep

Front 18

Which stage increases in length and frequency as the night progresses?

Back 18

REM

Front 19

The lens loses some of its flexibility in middle age. As a result __________ is more difficult.

Back 19

Accommodation

Front 20

Rods are concentrated in the _________ of the retina.

Back 20

Periphery

Front 21

There is a "break" in the dark adaptation curve at about 8 minutes. This occurs because?

Back 21

The rods and cones adapt at different rates.

Front 22

Each of the three cone photopigments responds most to different wavelengths of light. This fact best supports the __________ ________.

Back 22

Trichromatic theory

Front 23

Biederman's recognition by components theory states that objects are recognized on the basis of simple component forms called _____.

Back 23

Geons

Front 24

Small differences in the placement of images on the left and right retinas help create 3 - dimensional perception. This depth cue is?

Back 24

Retinal Disparity

Front 25

Size perception is inaccurate in the Ames room and the Ponzo illusion because _______ _______ ___ __________.

Back 25

Stimulus distance is misjudged

Front 26

Sequentially flashing lights make a wheel in a neon sign appear to turn. This is an example of the ___ ________.

Back 26

Phi Phenomenon

Front 27

Proximity, Similarity, and Closure are principles used to _______ ______ and _______.

Back 27

Organize Figure and Ground

Front 28

The fact that different frequencies produce different movement patterns along the basilar membrane is most important for the ______ _______.

Back 28

Place Theory

Front 29

The frequency theory has difficulty accounting for pitch perception at high frequencies because?

Back 29

The maximum firing rate of neurons is too slow to represent the highest frequencies humans hear.

Front 30

When do we perceive cold?

Back 30

Only when the temperature of our skin is reduced.

Front 31

The sensory system whose receptors are associated with the muscles, tendons, and joints is the ____________ ________.

Back 31

Kinesthetic System

Front 32

If you are feeling dizzy or having trouble keeping your balance, your problem most likely involves the ___________ ______ and ________ _____.

Back 32

Semicircular Canals and Vestibular Sacs

Front 33

If endorphins are released, we should expect the organism to _____ _____ _____.

Back 33

Feel Less Pain

Front 34

Neural information from the taste system is sent to the _______________ _______.

Back 34

Somatosensory Cortex

Front 35

The dark adaptation curve is really a plot of ______ for vision as a function of time in the dark.

Back 35

Absolute Threshold

Front 36

In the signal detection technique a false alarm is recorded when the observer reports ___________________________.

Back 36

seeing a light when a light was not presented.

Front 37

The adaptive value of accommodation is that it allows the _______________________________________.

Back 37

lens to focus light from objects located at different distances.

Front 38

When the band marched in complete unison, they appeared as one large organism. When two members began leading with the opposite foot, they were perceived as a separate group and the unity was broken. This is an example of the Gestalt law of _______ ______.

Back 38

Common Fate

Front 39

Dana sees no glowing embers when she looks directly at the fireplace, but when she looks a little to the side, she can see a dimly glowing spot. What is the best explanation for this?

Back 39

Rods are more sensitive to light than cones.

Front 40

To Dick, a red ball looks yellow. Dick's form of color blindness is due to what?

Back 40

Lacking one type of cone photopigment.

Front 41

Although both squares are at the same distance, depth cues make one square look father away than another identical square. The "distant" square will be perceived as __________ than the other.

Back 41

Larger

Front 42

the auditory cortex is located in the _______ lobes.

Back 42

Temporal

Front 43

Varying a sound's arrival time at each ear will change the _____________________.

Back 43

perceived location of the sound.

Front 44

During a battle for his life, the soldier did not notice the cuts he received from the rocks, but when you fell while rollerblading and received similar injuries, you felt significant pain. This is best explained by _________________.

Back 44

Gate-control theory

Front 45

The apparent role of olfaction in sexual behavior, feeding, and emotion is not surprising given that the olfactory neural path includes link to the ___________ _________ and _________.

Back 45

Amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus

Front 46

To increase profits, the cereal company wants to reduce the amount of raisins in each cup of cereal, but they don't want consumers to notice the change. To know how many raisins they can remove, they first need to obtain an estimate of the ________________________.

Back 46

Difference threshold for raisins in a cup of cereal.

Front 47

What is the major advantage of using signal detection theory for studying sensory abilities?

Back 47

It controls for the influence of bias or subject strategies.

Front 48

Light is a form of _________ energy.

Back 48

electromagnetic

Front 49

What are the three main physical properties of visible light, and what do they do?

Back 49

Wavelength: Corresponds to the physical distance from one energy cycle to the next.

Intensity: or amplitude, which is determined by the amount of light falling on an object.

Purity: Which is determined by the mix of wavelengths present, can influence the saturation, or richness, or percieved colors.

Front 50

what do the wavelengths range from in nanometers and colors?

Back 50

400 to 700 nanometers
Violet to Red

Front 51

What is the important translation process where wavelengths enter the eye called? and what does this process do?

Back 51

Transduction - The process by which external messages are translated into the internal language of the brain.

Front 52

What is the first step in the translation process?

Back 52

To direct light toward the light-sensitive receptor cells at the back of each eye.

Front 53

After the wavelengths are scattered about and brought back together the human eye is then focused by two parts of the eye, what are they?

Back 53

Cornea and lens

Front 54

What is the Pupil and Iris?

Back 54

Pupil: black spot which is a hole in a ring of colored tissue called the iris. The iris gives the eye its distinctive color.

Front 55

The process that is accomplished by changing the shape of the lens to temporarily help focus light on the retina itself is called what?

Back 55

Accommodation

Front 56

What is the main function of the eyes?

Back 56

Solve the translation problem and to pass the information to the brain.

Front 57

Light completes it journey when it reaches a thin layer of tissue, called the _______.

Back 57

Retina

Front 58

The translation process is chemically based. Each of the receptor cells contains a substance, known as a _____________, that reacts to light.

Back 58

photopigment.

Front 59

What are the two types of receptor cells in the retina? and what are their differences?

Back 59

Rods: Located mainly around the sides, transduce light energy into neural messages, highly sensitive and are active in dim light.

Cones: Center of the retina, transduce light energy into neural messages, they operate best in high levels of light, responsible for the ability to sense color, used for fine detailing.

Front 60

What is a receptive field?

Back 60

Means the cells receive input from a group of receptor cells and responds only when a particular pattern of light shines across the retina.

Front 61

What is the difference between center-surround receptive fields and surround-center receptive fields?

Back 61

Center-Surround - when light falls in the center the firing rate is better.

Surround-Center - when light falls in the surround the firing rate is better.

Front 62

The visual signals eventually leave the retina, en route to the deeper processing stations of the brain, through a collection of nerve fibers called the _______ ______. what does this do?

Back 62

Optic Nerve: 1 million axons form together to form a visual transmission cable.

Front 63

Because of its size, at the point where the optic nerve leaves each retina there is no room for visual receptor cells. This creates a biological _______ _____. why?

Back 63

Blind Spot
Because there are no receptor cells in this location to transduce the visual message.

Front 64

what is dark adaptation?

Back 64

The process which the light adjust to dim light after about 20 to 25 minutes.

Front 65

How is the dark adaptation curve produced?

Back 65

By measuring the smallest amount of light that can reliably be seen, plotted as a function of time spent in the dark.

Front 66

After leaving the retina, the neural impulses flow along each optic nerve until they reach the _______ _______. What happens here?

Back 66

Optic Chiasm: the information then travels to the separate hemispheres of the brain.

Front 67

Information that has been detected on the right half of each retina from the ________ visual field, is sent to the ______ hemisphere.

Back 67

Left
Right

Front 68

Information that has been detected on the left half of each retina from the ________ visual field, is sent to the ______ hemisphere.

Back 68

Right
Left

Front 69

What are feature detectors?

Back 69

Cells in the visual cortex that respond to very specific visual events, such as bars of light at particular orientations.

Front 70

Simple Cell is a feature detector, how does the simple cell work? How does it relate to orientation specific?

Back 70

it responds only when a small bar of light is shown into the eye. Some cells are orientation specific and that means that the visual bar needs to be presented at a particular angle for the cell to respond.

Front 71

What is the condition called prosopagnosia?

Back 71

The loss of the ability to recognize faces.

Front 72

What is the trichromatic theory?

Back 72

A theory of color vision proposing that color information is extracted by comparing the relative activations of three different types of cone receptors.

Front 73

Color is determined primarily by the wavelength of light reflected back into the eye. What are the different lengths and what colors do each produce?

Back 73

Short wavelengths: blues
Medium wavelengths: greens
Long wavelengths: reds

Front 74

In the trichromatic theory how are other colors aside from blue, green, and red made?

Back 74

they are made with multiple activations or the receptor types.

Front 75

What is the opponent-process theory?

Back 75

the theory that colors are specially linked. Ewald Hering suggested that there are receptors in the visual system that respond positively to one color type. He proposed that there are six primary colors instead of three.

Front 76

In the opponent-process theory, what are the six primary colors, how are the linked?

Back 76

blue is linked to yellow, red is linked to green, and black is linked to white. The rate at which these cells generate neural impulses increases to one type of color to another.

Front 77

What is the difference between bottom-up processing and top-down processing?

Back 77

Bottom-up: Processing that is controlled by the physical message delivered to the senses.

Top-down: Processing that is controlled by one's beliefs and expectations about how the world is organized.

Front 78

What are the Gestalt principles of organization? and what do each of them do?

Back 78

The law of proximity - things close in spatial proximity a grouped together as part of the same object.
The law of similarity: Items that share physical properties, the physically resemble each other, are placed into the same set.
The law of closure: figures has a gap, people still perceive it as whole.
The law of good continuation: If lines cross or are interrupted, people tend to still see continuously flowing lines.
The law of common fate: If things appear to be moving in the same direction, people tend to group them together.

Front 79

What is Biederman's theory of recognition by components?

Back 79

helps to explain how people can successfully identify fuzzy or incomplete images such as geons.

Front 80

Depth perception results from a combination of _____________ and ___________. People use their knowledge about objects, in combination with ________________ of the actually visual message, to create a three-dimensional world.

Back 80

bottom-up and top-down processing
bottom-up processing

Front 81

what is another cue for distance that artists often use to depict depth in paintings?

Back 81

Linear Perspective

Front 82

What is the difference between monocular depth cues and binocular depth cues?

Back 82

Monocular depth cues: Cues for depth that require input from only one eye.
Binocular depth cues: Cues for depth that depend on comparisons between the two eyes.

Front 83

What is the differences between the locations of the images in the two eyes is called what? Why is this a useful cue for depth? and how is depth calculated?

Back 83

Retinal Disparity
Because the amount of disparity changes with distance from a point of fixation. It is calculated by the amount of disparity between the image in the left eye and the image in the right eye.

Front 84

What is convergence?

Back 84

A binocular cue for depth that is based on the extent to which the two eyes move inward, or converge, when looking at an object.

Front 85

Your visual system maintains a stable interpretation of the image despite the changes in its _______ size.

Back 85

Retinal

Front 86

What are perceptual illusions?

Back 86

Inappropriate interpretations of physical reality. perceptual illusions often occur as a result of the brain's using otherwise adaptive organizing principles.

Front 87

What is the Ponzo Illusion?

Back 87

You see two lines that are exactly the same length as slightly different because the linear perspective cue - the converging parallel lines - tricks the brain into thinking that the horizontal line near the top of the display is farther away.

Front 88

What is sound? How does it move?

Back 88

the physical message delivered to the auditory system; a mechanical energy that requires a medium such as air or water in order to move.

Front 89

Sound begins with a ______ _______, then the vibration pushes _____ _________ out into space, they collide with other ____ ________ and the traveling chain reaction begins.

Back 89

Vibrating Stimulus
Air Molecules
Air Molecules

Front 90

How is frequency, pressure amplitude, and loudness measured?

Back 90

Frequency: The rate of the birating stimulus determine the frequency. Defined by the number of times the pressure wave moves from peak to peak per second.
Pressure amplitude: or intensity changes in intensity are experienced as changes in loudness.
Loudness: Measured by the increase in intensity.

Front 91

Humans are sensitive to frequencies from roughly ___ to ___ Hz. The most sensitive range for humans is from ____ to _____ Hz.

Back 91

20 to 20000
1000 to 5000

Front 92

What is pitch?

Back 92

The psychological experience that results from the auditory processing of a particular frequency of sound.

Front 93

What is the pinna?

Back 93

The external flap of tissue normally referred to as the "ear"; it helps capture sounds.

Front 94

What is the tympanic membrane?

Back 94

The ear drum, which responds to incoming sound waves by vibrating.

Front 95

What is the middle ear?

Back 95

The portion between the ear drum and the cochlea containing three small bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes) that help to intensify and prepare the sound vibrations into the inner ear.

Front 96

What is the cochlea?

Back 96

The bony, snail shaped sound processor in the inner ear where sound is translated into nerve impulses.

Front 97

The third bone in the middle ear, the stapes, is connected to an opening in the cochlea called the ______ _______.

Back 97

oval window

Front 98

As the stapes vibrates, it causes fluid inside the cochlea to move a flexible membrane, called the ________ ___________.

Back 98

Basilar membrane

Front 99

Transduction takes place through the activation of tiny auditory receptor cells, called _____ ______, that lie along the basilar membrane.

Back 99

hair cells

Front 100

How are neural impulses created that travel up the auditory pathways to the brain?

Back 100

The bending of these hairs cause the auditory receptor cells to fire.

Front 101

The neural impulses generated by the hair cells leave the cochlea in each ear along the _______ _____.

Back 101

Auditory nerve

Front 102

What is place theory?

Back 102

The idea that the location of auditory receptor cells activated by movement of the basilar membrane underlies the perception of pitch.

Front 103

What is the Frequency theory?

Back 103

The idea that pitch perception is determined partly by the frequency of neural impulses traveling up the auditory pathway.

Front 104

Frequency Theory has difficulties with high-frequency sounds. Why is this? How do they solve this problem?

Back 104

Because of their refractory periods, individual neurons cannot fire fast enough to deliver high-frequency information. To solve this problem, the brain tracks the patterns of firing among large groups of neurons. When groups of cells generate neural impulses rapidly in succession, they create volleys of impulses that provide additional clues about the pitch.

Front 105

What is auditory imagery?

Back 105

Remembering information when the song has stopped.

Front 106

How does the sense touch work?

Back 106

The mechanical pressure on the cell produces a neural impulse, and the message is then transmitted to the spinal cord and up into the brain.

Front 107

At the level of the _________ ____, located in the ______ lobe of the brain, a close connection is found among regions of skin and representation in the cortex.

Back 107

somatosensory cortex
parietal

Front 108

What is the gate-control theory?

Back 108

The interplay between the physical and the psychological in pain perception. The basic idea is that the neural impulses generated by pain receptors can be blocked or gated, in the spinal cord by signals produced in the brain.

Front 109

Two types of nerve fibers appear to be responsible for opening and closing the gate? what are the two fibers and their responsibilities?

Back 109

Large Fibers: close the gate
Small Fibers: open the gate

Front 110

What are endorphins?

Back 110

they produce painkilling effects like those obtained through morphine in the brain and can control the experience of pain.

Front 111

What are chemoreceptors?

Back 111

Receptor cells that react to invisible molecules scattered about in the air or dissolved in liquids, leading to the senses of smell and taste.

Front 112

How does olfaction or smell work?

Back 112

Airborne molecules enter through the nose or the back of the throat and interact with receptor cells embedded in the upper region of the nasal cavity.

Front 113

What do the airborne molecules in olfaction bond with? and then what happens?

Back 113

cilia, which causes the generation of a neural impulse, the receptor fibers then move the message forward to the olfactory bulb, the information is sent to several areas of the brain

Front 114

The neural pathway of smell makes connections with forebrain structures such as the _________, ___________, and __________.

Back 114

amygdala
hippocampus
hypothalamus

Front 115

What are the four basic tastes? as well as the fifth taste that growing evidence seems to support?

Back 115

sweet, bitter, salty, sour
umami

Front 116

What is Flavor?

Back 116

Its influenced by taste, smell, and the visual appearance of the food as well as the expectations about the quality of the meal.

Front 117

What are taste buds?

Back 117

They contain actual receptor cells, and are embedded within the folds of the papilae which are the tiny bumps on the tongue.

Front 118

What is used to control tendencies people have to miss a presented stimulus and say yes on every trial?

Back 118

Research use signal detection that mathematically compares hits - in which a stimulus is correctly detected - to false alarms - in which the observer claims a stimulus was presented when it actually was not.

Front 119

What are the four types of outcomes that can occur in detection situation?

Back 119

Hits and false alarms
failure to detect a stimulus - miss
correctly recognize that a stimulus not presented - correct rejection

Front 120

What are difference thresholds?

Back 120

the smallest detectable difference in the magnitude of two stimuli.

Front 121

What is Weber's law?

Back 121

The principle stating that the ability to notice a difference in the magnitude of two stimuli is a constant proportion of the size of the standard stimulus. Psychologically, the more intense a stimulus is to begin with, the more intense it will need to become for one to notice a change.

Front 122

What is sensory adaptation?

Back 122

The tendency of sensory systems to reduce sensitivity to a stimulus source that remains constant.