Ch12_ Lecture 2 - Cerebral White Matter, Basal Nuclei, Diencephalon

Front 1

What is lateralization in terms of Cortical function?

Back 1

Lateralization - division of labor between hemispheres

Front 2

What is cerebral dominance?

Back 2

hemisphere dominant for language (left hemisphere - 90% of people)

Front 3

What does the left hemisphere control?

Back 3

language, math, logic

Front 4

What does the right hemisphere control?

Back 4

visual-spatial skills

intuition

emotion

artistic and musical skills

Front 5

How do the hemispheres communicate with one another?

Back 5

they communicate almost instantaneously via fiber tracts and functional integration

Front 6

What is cerebral white matter?

Back 6

- myelinated fibers and tracts

- communication between cerebral areas, and between cortex and lower CNS

- consists of different type of fibers (association, commissural, and projection)

Front 7

What are the fibers of the cerebral white matter?

Back 7

1) Association fibers - horizontal; connect different parts of same hemisphere

2) Commissural fibers - horizontal; connect gray matter of two hemispheres

3) Projection fibers - vertical; connect hemispheres with lower brain or spinal cord

Front 8

Picture of the white fiber tracts of the cerebral hemispheres

Back 8

Front 9

Picture of the white fiber tracts of the cerebral hemispheres (parasagittal view)

Back 9

Front 10

What are the Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)

Back 10

Subcortical nuclei

- Caudate nucleus

- Putamen

- Globus pallidus

Front 11

Identify the basal nuclei parts indicated

Back 11

A - Caudate nucleus

B - Putamen

Front 12

Basal nuclei 2 (pic)

Back 12

note the Globus Pallidus

Front 13

What are the functions of the basal nuclei? (5)

Back 13

1) Influence muscle movements

2) Role in cognition and emotion

3) Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements

4) Filter out incorrect/inappropriate responses

5) Inhibit antagonistic/unnecessary movements

Front 14

What are the paired structures of the Diencephalon?

Back 14

1) Thalamus

2) Hypothalamus

3) Epithalamus

Front 15

Diencephalon fill in

Back 15

A - Hypothalamus

B - Thalamus

C - Epithalamus

Front 16

What is the Thalamus (Structurally)?

Back 16

1) 80% of diencephalon

2) Superolateral walls of third ventricle

3) Bilateral nuclei connected by interthalamic adhesion (intermediate mass)

- contains several nuclei, named for location

- nuclei project and receive fibers from cerebral cortex

Front 17

Picture of thalamic nuclei and stuff

Back 17

Front 18

What are the functions of the Thalamus?

Back 18

1) Gateway to cerebral cortex

2) Sorts, edits, and relays ascending input

- impulses from hypothalamus for regulation of emotion and visceral function

- impulses from cerebellum and basal nuclei to help direct motor cortices

- impulses for memory or sensory integration

3) Mediates sensation, motor activites, cortical arousal, learning, and memory

Front 19

What is the Hypothalamus (structurally)?

Back 19

1) Forms inferolateral walls of third ventricle

2) Contains many nuclei

-ex: mammillary bodies

- paired anterior nuclei

- olfactory relay stations

3) Infundibulum - stalk that connects to pituitary gland

Front 20

Picture of the main hypothalamic nuclei

Back 20

Note the infundibulum,

Front 21

What are the functions of the Hypothalamus?

(7 total, will be broken up over multiple cards)

Back 21

1) Controls autonomic (involuntary) nervous system - e.g. blood pressure, rate, and force of heartbeat; digestive tract mobility; pupil size

2) Physical responses to emotions (limbic system)

- perception of pleasure, fear, rage; biological rhythms and drives

Front 22

Functions of hypothalamus (cont)

Back 22

3) Regulates body temp - sweating/shivering

4) Regulates hunger and satiety in response to nutrient blood levels or hormones

5) Regulates water balance and thirst

6) regulates sleep-wake cycles

7) Controls endocrine system

- controls secretions of anterior pituitary gland

- produces posterior pituitary hormones

Front 23

What are all the functions of the hypothalamus? (7)

Back 23

1) Controls autonomic nervous system

2) Physical responses to emotions (limbic system)

3) Regulates body temp - sweating/shivering

4) Regulates hunger and satiety in response to nutrient blood levels or hormones

5) Regulates water balance and thirst

6) Regulates sleep-wake cycles

7) Controls endocrine system

Front 24

Where is the Epithalamus and what does it do?

Back 24

Location: Most dorsal portion of diencephalon; forms roof of third ventricle

Pineal gland (body) - extends from posterior border and secretes melatonin

- Melatonin: helps regulate sleep-wake cycle

Front 25

Picture of brain showing the Thalamus, Epithalamus, and Hypothalamus

Back 25

Front 26

Midsagittal view of the thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus

Back 26

Front 27

What are the three regions of the Brain Stem?

Back 27

1) Midbrain

2) Pons

3) Medulla oblongata

Front 28

What is the brain stem?

Back 28

1) Similar structure to spinal cord, but contains nuclei embedded in white matter

2) Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival

3) Contains fiber tracts connecting higher and lower neural centers

4) Nuclei associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

Front 29

Inferior view showing the brain stem

Back 29

Front 30

Identify the indicated parts of the brain stem

Back 30

A - Midbrain

B - Pons

C - Medulla Oblongata

Front 31

Diagram of Diencephalon and brain stem

(Ventral view)

Back 31

Know the nerves as well

Front 32

Diagram of Diencephalon and brain stem

(Left Lateral view)

Back 32

Front 33

Diagram of Diencephalon and brain stem (dorsal view)

Back 33

Note the diencephalon, midbrain, cerebellar peduncles

Front 34

What do the Cerebral peduncles look like in the midbrain?

Back 34

- contain pyramidal motor tracts

Front 35

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

Back 35

- channel connecting 3rd and 4th ventricles