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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Symbol |
word, sound, or visual image that represents something else, such as a thought, concept, or object |
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Referent |
thing that a symbol represents |
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Thought |
mental process of creating an image, sound, concept, or experience triggered by a referent or symbol |
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Denotative Meaning |
restrictive or literal meaning of a word |
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Connotative Meaning |
personal and subjective meaning of a word |
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A word is concrete if |
people can experience its referent with one of their senses |
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A word is abstract if |
people cannot experience it referent with one of their senses |
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words are arbitrary |
the words we use have agreed on general meanings, but there is not typically a logical connection between a word and what it represents |
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Onomatopoetic Words |
words that when pronounced sound like the even or thing they are signifying |
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Onomatopoeia |
a word that imitates a sound associated with what is named |
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Symbolic Interaction Theory |
theory that people make sense of the world based on their interpretation of words or symbols used by others |
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Words are |
symbols arbitrary culture bound |
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Words can |
create perceptions
influence thoughts influence actions affect and reflect culture make and break relationships |
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Linguistic Determinism |
theory that describes how use of language determines or influences thoughts and perceptions |
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Linguistic Relativity |
theory that each language includes some unique features that are not found in other languages |
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Sapir Whorf Hypothesis |
based on the principles of linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity, the hypothesis that language shapes our thoughts and culture, and our culture and thoughts affect the language we use to describe our world |
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Euphemism |
a mild or indirect word that is substituted for one that describes something vulgar, profane, unpleasant, or embarrassing |
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How to manage misunderstandings |
be aware of missed meaning be clear be specific be aware of changes in meaning be aware of polarizing either or extremes be unbiased |
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Bypassing |
confusion caused by the fact that the same word can mean different things to different people |
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Malapropism |
confusion of one word or phrase for another that sounds similar to it |
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Ways to speak with clarity |
think about what you mean before you speak observe the reaction your listener provides as you are speaking use appropriate examples ask the other person if they have questions and can they understand you consider the perspective and background of the other person or persons to your speaking to |
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Restricted Code |
set of words that have particular meaning to a person, group, or culture |
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Jargon |
another name for restricted code, specialized terms or abbreviations whose meanings are known only to members of a specific group |
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Allness Statement |
tendency to use language to make unqualified often untrue generalization |
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Indexing |
avoiding generalizations by using statements that separate one situation, person, or example from another |
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Static Evaluation |
pronouncement that does not take the possibility of change in consideration |
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Polarization |
description and evaluation of what you observe in terms of extremes such as good or bad, old or new |
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Hate Speech |
words or phrases intended to offend or show disrespect for someone's race, ethnicity, cultural background, gender, or some other aspect of their personality |
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How to use words of Support |
describe feelings rather than evaluate behavior solve problems rather than control be genuine rather that manipulative empathize rather than remain detached be flexible rather than rigid present yourself as equal rather than superior |
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Extended I Language |
brief preface to a feedback statement, intended to communicate that you don't' want your listener to take your message in an overly critical way |
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Elaborated Code |
conversation that uses many words and various ways of describing an idea or concept to the communicate its meaning |
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Supportive Communication is |
descriptive problem oriented spontaneously genuine empathic flexible equal |
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Defensive Communication is |
evaluative controlling strategically manipulative neutrally detached certain and rigid superior |
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Assertive |
able to pursue one's own best interests without denying a partner's rights |
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Agressive |
expressing one's interests while denying the rights of others by blaming, judging, and evaluating other people |
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Assertiveness |
expresses your interests without denying the rights of others is other oriented describes what you want discloses your needs using I messages |
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Aggressiveness |
expresses your interest and denies the rights of others is self oriented evaluates the other person discloses your needs using you messages |
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Word Picture |
short statement or story that illustrates or describes an emotion |
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How to be Assertive |
describe disclose identify effects be silent paraphrase |
