Ch. 4 Tissues: The Living Fabric

Front 1

Groups of cells similar in structure and function.
4 types of tissues in human body :

Back 1

Epithelial tissue: covering/lining.
Connective tissue: support.
Muscle tissue: movement. (Cardiac, smooth, skeletal).
Nerve tissue: regulation/ control.

Front 2

When examining types of epithelial tissues under a light microscope, you are practicing ___________.

a. Histology.
b. Electron microscopy.
c. Tissue regeneration.
d. Cytology.
e. Embryology.

Back 2

a. Histology.

Front 3

Nervous Tissue: Internal communication.

Back 3

Brain, spinal chord, and nerves.

Front 4

Muscle tissue: contracts to cause movement.

Back 4

Muscles attached to bones (skeletal). Muscles of heart (cardiac). Muscles of walls of hollow organs (smooth).

Front 5

Epithelial tissue: forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters.

Back 5

Skin surface (epidermas). Lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs.

Front 6

Connective tissue: supports, protects, binds other tissues together.

Back 6

Bones, tendons, fat and other soft padding tissue.

Front 7

Which of the following best describes a tissue?

a. A group of organs working together for a common purpose.
b. A group of cells that have a similar structure and function.
c. The collection of all organelles in a cell.
d. Organs such as the heart or liver.

Back 7

b. A group of cells that have a similar structure and function.

Front 8

Which of the following relationships between a tissue and it's general function is not correct?

a. Epithelial: digestion.
b. Connective: support.
c. Muscle: movement.
d. Nervous: control.

Back 8

Yeshiva of

Front 9

Two types of epithelial tissue (epithelium)

Back 9

Linings and coverings epithelia and glandular epithelia.

Front 10

Lining and covering epithelia

Back 10

Lines body cavities and covers internal organs. Forms external and internal linings of surfaces. 🔸Example: covers skin and forms outer lining of internal organs such as heart, lungs, urinary tract; forms inner linings of body cavities, blood vessels, and other hollow organs.

Front 11

Which of the following tissue types would you expect to find on a surface of the body that is subjected to a friction?

a. Epithelial tissue.
b. Connective tissue.
c. Muscle tissue.
d. Nervous tissue.

Back 11

a. Epithelial tissue.

Front 12

An area in the body exposed to the external environment would be composed of which of the following tissue types?

a. Epithelial tissue.
b. Connective tissue.
c. Muscle tissue.
d. Nervous tissue.

Back 12

a. Epithelial tissue.

Front 13

2 layers of epithelia

Back 13

1=simple epithelium.
>1=stratified epithelium.

Front 14

Back 14

Simple epithelium

Front 15

Back 15

Stratified epithelium

Front 16

What is the cell shapes of epithelia?

Back 16

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar.
🔸(Is stratified, name according to apical layer of cells.)

Front 17

Back 17

Epithelia cell shapes

Front 18

Back 18

Epithelial tissue

Front 19

characteristics of epithelial tissue (5)

Back 19

🔺Cells have polarity- apical (free) and basal (attached) surfaces.
🔺Apical surfaces may bear microvilli (surface area for absorption)
🔸examples: brush border of GI lining.
or cilia
🔸examples: lining of trachea.
Underneath/adjacent to basal surface is non-cellular basal lamina of glycoprotein and collagen.
🔹basal lamina= layer of extracellular matrix secreted by epithelial cells, on which epithelium sits.

Front 20

characteristics of epithelial tissue (5)

Back 20

🔺supported by a connective tissue reticular lamina (found under basal lamina)

Front 21

characteristics of epithelial tissue (5)

Back 21

🔺are composed of closely packed cells. (Fusing of membranes)
🔹continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes (cell structure specialized for cell-to-cell adhesion) HIGH CELL RATIO.

Front 22

characteristics of epithelial tissue (5)

Back 22

Avascular but innervated
🔺avascular- without blood vessels.
🔺innervated- with nerves.

Front 23

Simple squamous epithelium: Location.

Back 23

Kidney glomerull; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae).

Front 24

Back 24

Characteristics of epithelial tissue.

Front 25

Back 25

Stratified squamous epithelium.

Front 26

Back 26

Cutting sections.

Front 27

Which of the following specialized terms reflects the epithelial tissue found lining the inside of blood and lymph vessels?

a. Epithelium
b. Endothelium
c. Mesothelium
d. Squathelium

Back 27

b. Endothelium

Front 28

Back 28

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 29

Back 29

Simple squamous epithelium

Front 30

Simple cuboidal epithelium: function

Back 30

Secretion and absorption

Front 31

Simple cuboidal epithelium: location

Back 31

Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface.

Front 32

Simple columnar epithelium

Back 32

Simple columnar epithelium.
🔺ciliated variety: uterine tubes, uterus (reproductive cells), bronchi (mucus).
🔺non-ciliated variety: GI tract.

Front 33

characteristics of epithelial tissue (5)

Back 33

High rate of regeneration

Front 34

Simple columnar epithelium: description

Back 34

Single layer or talk cells with round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells).

Front 35

Simple columnar epithelium: function

Back 35

Absorption, secretion of mucus and enzymes.

Front 36

Simple columnar epithelium: location

Back 36

Non ciliated type of lines most of digestive tract (stomach to anal canal) and gallbladder; ciliated variety lines bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus.

Front 37

Back 37

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Front 38

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: Description

Back 38

Single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching free surface; nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia.

Front 39

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: function

Back 39

Secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.

Front 40

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: location

Back 40

Non-ciliated type in male's sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated variety lines trachea, most upper respiratory tract.

Front 41

Back 41

Simple columnar epithelium.
🔺ciliated variety: uterine tubes, uterus (reproductive cells), bronchi (mucus).
🔺non-ciliated variety: GI tract.

Front 42

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: ciliated variety

Back 42

Upper respiratory tract (propels mucus).

Front 43

Back 43

Stratified squamous epithelium

Front 44

Back 44

Characteristics of epithelial tissue.

Front 45

Back 45

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Front 46

Back 46

Cutting sections.

Front 47

The basal almond is associated with which type of tissue?

a. Epithelial tissue.
b. Connective tissue.
c. Nervous tissue.
d. Muscle tissue.

Back 47

a. Epithelial tissue.

Front 48

With which portion of an epithelia cell in the stomach would food be in contact?

a. Basal surface.
b. Apical surface.
c. Basal lamina.
d. Reticular lamina.

Back 48

b. Apical surface.

Front 49

Back 49

Simple squamous epithelium

Front 50

Simple squamous epithelium: Description

Back 50

Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; simplest of epithelia.

Front 51

Back 51

Stratified squamous epithelium

Front 52

Stratified squamous epithelium: description

Back 52

Thick membrane composed of several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in keratinized type, surface cells are full of keratin and dead; basal cells if the more superficial layers.

Front 53

Stratified squamous epithelium: function

Back 53

Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.

Front 54

Stratified squamous epithelium: location

Back 54

Non-keratinized type forms moist linings of esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms epidermis of skin, a dry membrane.

Front 55

Stratified squamous epithelium: keratinized

Back 55

(Dead) stratified squamous epi: skin.

Front 56

Stratified squamous epithelium: non-keratinized

Back 56

(Living) stratified squamous epi: esophagus, vagina canal, oral cavity.

Front 57

Back 57

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 58

Back 58

Keratinized stratified squamous

Front 59

Which characteristic of epithelial tissues would you expect to find in a duct that is subject to a high degree of pressure (such as the male urethra)?

Cuboidal shape.
Simple layering.
Pseudostratified layering.
Stratified layering.

Back 59

Stratified layering.

Front 60

Rare stratified columnar epithelium: function

Back 60

Protection; secretion

Front 61

Back 61

Rare stratified cuboidal epithelium

Back 62

Transitional epithelium.

Front 63

Transitional epithelium: description

Back 63

Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome shaped or squamous like, depending on degree of organ stretch.

Front 64

Transitional epithelium: function

Back 64

Stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine.

Front 65

Transitional epithelium: location

Back 65

Lines ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra.

Front 66

Glandular epithelia

Back 66

A gland is one of more cells that synthesizes and secretes a substance such as hormones or aqueous fluid.

Front 67

Back 67

Rare stratified columnar epithelium

Front 68

Glandular epithelia: classified by relative number of cells forming gland:

Back 68

Unicellular is comprised of only one epithelial cell. Multicellular multiple epithelial cells comprise one gland.

Front 69

Glandular epithelia

Back 69

Unicellular exocrine gland.
Unicellular endocrine gland.
Multicellular exocrine gland.
Multicellular endocrine gland.

Front 70

Epithelia: stratified cuboidal

Back 70

Quite rare in the body. Found in some sweat, mammary, and salivary glands. Typically 2 cell layers thick.

Front 71

Back 71

Transitional epithelium.

Front 72

Unicellular endocrine gland

Back 72

Enteroendocrine cells of GI tract , leydig cells. (Male reproductive)

Front 73

Multicellular exocrine gland

Back 73

Salivary, sweat, sebaceous glands. (Oil glands)

Front 74

Multicellular endocrine glands.

Back 74

Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal gland.

Back 75

Multicellular exocrine and endocrine glands

Front 76

The major distinction between endocrine glands and exocrine glands is that endocrine glands secrete their product into ________.

The blood.
A duct.
The stomach.
The bladder.

Back 76

The blood

Front 77

The presence of which type of epithelial tissue is a dead giveaway for glands?

Simple squamous
Stratified squamous.
Transitional epithelium.
Simple cuboidal

Back 77

Simple cuboidal

Back 78

Rare stratified cuboidal epithelium

Front 79

Rare stratified cuboidal epithelium: description

Back 79

Generally two layers of cube-like cells.

Front 80

Rare stratified cuboidal epithelium: function

Back 80

Protection.

Front 81

Rare stratified cuboidal epithelium:location

Back 81

Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

Front 82

Which of the following types of epithelial tissues is best suited for areas of the body where diffusion or filtration occurs?

Stratified columnar.
Simple cuboidal.
Simple squamous.
Stratified squamous.

Back 82

Simple squamous.

Front 83

Back 83

Multicellular exocrine and endocrine glands

Back 84

Rare stratified columnar epithelium

Front 85

Rare stratified columnar epithelium: description

Back 85

Several cell layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated and columnar

Front 86

Endocrine glands

Back 86

Ductless glands. Secrete hormones that travel directly through blood to target organs. Regulates body's homeostasis and metabolism.
Examples include thyroid and adrenal gland. Cortisol (stress hormone) secretes by adrenal gland helps to maintain blood pressure, immune function, and body's anti-inflammatory processes.

Front 87

Back 87

Unicellular Endocrine gland

Front 88

Back 88

Multicellular endocrine glands

Front 89

Multicellular exocrine glands classified according to:

Back 89

Duct type:

Back 90

Unicellular Endocrine gland

Back 91

Multicellular endocrine glands

Front 92

Exocrine glands

Back 92

More numerous than endocrine glands. Secretions released onto body surfaces (skin) via ducts or into body cavities that lead to external environment. Examples include mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands.

Front 93

Unicellular exocrine glands

Back 93

Only important unicellular exocrine gland is goblet cell, a mucus-secreting, column-shaped cell.

Front 94

Unicellular exocrine glands: respiratory tract

Back 94

Mucus coats epithelium of vulnerable structures to provide protection from chemical/mechanical damage and to trap invading pathogens.

Front 95

Back 95

GI tract

Front 96

Unicellular exocrine glands: goblet cells contain- mucin

Back 96

Group of glycoprotein that forms viscous solutions; forms main constituent of mucus. (Thickness)

Front 97

Unicellular exocrine glands: goblet cells contain-microvilli

Back 97

Minute, finger-like structures projecting from surface of epithelial cells; increase surface area available for absorbing nutrients. (To GI tract exclusive)

Back 98

GI tract