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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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George Williams’s hypothesis—that senescence evolved because alleles that are advantageous early in life (e.g., those that increase reproductive effort) will be selected for even if they are deleterious later in life—is contingent on the existence of |
a. antagonistic pleiotropy. |
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Which of the following environmental conditions is least likely to select for an iteroparous life-history strategy? |
Early reproduction |
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Which of the following situations would represent a trade-off between survival and reproduction? |
All of the following: a. Mating activity and egg production reduce the longevity of both sexes. b. Survival to greater age comes at the expense of early reproduction. c. Production of more inflorescences in the first season reduces productive vegetative growth in the second season. d. The production of many offspring results in smaller offspring. |
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If a new mutant strategy appears in a population that has adopted an evolutionary stable strategy (ESS), which of the following will result? |
b. The mutant strategy will not be able to increase in numbers in the population under the influence of natural selection. |
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In ESS models, fitness is |
b. frequency dependent. |
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When referring to the capacity of a population to grow, r equals the |
e. per capita rate of increase. |
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Protogyny (hermaphroditism in which females switch to being males at some point in life) is favored when |
a. at large body size, male fitness increases more rapidly than female fitness does. |
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Which life-history strategy would maximize an individual’s fitness compared with other possible strategies (and taking into account the existence of interactions with other individuals)? |
Evolutionarily stable strategy |
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Postreproductive survival, which is not generally favored by natural selection, may in fact be favored when |
postreproductive individuals provide parental care. |
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According to life-history theory, species in which parents can provide only limited parental investment are also likely to have which of the following characteristics? |
A negative correlation between offspring number and offspring size |
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What is the most likely explanation for the very low fecundity of species such as whales, humans, and elephants? |
High investment in parental care |
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A life history strategy whereby females reproduce more than once is called |
iteroparity. |
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The two most accepted hypotheses for the evolution of senescence are based on the principle that |
the selective advantage of high probability of survival declines with age. |
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Because increased fecundity means increased fitness, we might expect to observe the evolution of ever-increasing fecundity, but this is not the case. Which of the following offers a plausible reason for lower-than-expected fecundity? |
There are allocation trade-offs between fecundity and other traits. |
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Which of the following does not represent a life history trait? |
Defenses against predation |
