Ch 13 - Nervous System - Patho2 Class (Study Guides/quiz/quizlet)

Front 1

Afferent nerves

Back 1

transmit impulses TOWARD the spinal cord and brain (from nerve receptors to brain).

Front 2

Efferent nerves

Back 2

transmit impulses AWAY FROM the spinal cord and brain (from brain to target muscles).

Front 3

How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?

Back 3

8

Front 4

How many pairs of lumbar nerves?

Back 4

5

Front 5

Electrical impulses are carried throughout the body by

Back 5

neurons

Front 6

The two divisions of the nervous system:

Back 6

central, peripheral

Front 7

The central nervous system (CNS) includes:

Back 7

brain, spinal cord

Front 8

Five pairs of the __________ cranial nerves originate in the _________ ____________, an extension of the spinal cord.

Back 8

12, medulla oblongata

Front 9

Divided into 31 segments:

Back 9

spinal cord

Front 10

How are the cranial nerves assessed during a neurologic examination?

Back 10

By testing the patient's sense of smell, visual acuity, eye movements, muscles of mastication, taste perception, hearing, tongue movements and swallowing and face/jaw muscles.

Front 11

When is a neurologic assessment appropriate?

Back 11

It is appropriate after head trauma occurs or cranial surgery is performed or when a neourologic disorder, such as a brain tumor, is suspected.

Front 12

Treatment of stroke may include this medication?

Back 12

Aspirin

Front 13

Cause of cerebrovascular accidents?

Back 13

Occurs when the brain is damaged by a sudden disruption in the flow of blood to a part of the brain (embolic), or by bleeding inside the head (hemorrhagic) also known as stroke (CVA).

Front 14

Also known as stroke

Back 14

CVA

Front 15

Sudden disruption in the flow of blood to a part of the brain

Back 15

embolic CVA

Front 16

Bleeding inside the head

Back 16

hemorrhagic CVA

Front 17

Another name for transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Back 17

"Little strokes" or "ministrokes"

Front 18

Symptoms of a TIA

Back 18

Sudden weakness/numbness unilaterally, dizziness, dysphagia, confusion, difficulty seeing with one eye and/or loss of balance. Sudden onset of a headache.

Front 19

Which is more serious, a concussion or a cerebral contusion?

Back 19

Cerebral contusion

Front 20

Cerebral contusion

Back 20

an injury to the brain that involves bruising of the tissue along or just beneath the surface of the brain

Front 21

Common complication of a depressed skull fracture

Back 21

Epilepsy

Front 22

Most frequent cause of depressed skull

Back 22

Direct impact on the skull with a blunt object, industrial and automobile accidents are two of the many possible causes.

Front 23

Area of the skull involved with a basilar skull fracture

Back 23

located on the floor of the cranial vault, in which the head is struck anteriorly or laterally in the midportion.

Front 24

Which physical manifestations alert the physician to order images of the cranial vault to investigate for a basilar skull fracture?

Back 24

Battle's sign (bruising behind ears), or raccoon eyes (bruising around/under eyes).

Front 25

Closed head injury

Back 25

the skull is not broken

Front 26

Example of Closed head injury

Back 26

concussions, contusions

Front 27

Open head injury

Back 27

the skull is open, injury enters the brain

Front 28

Example of Open head injury

Back 28

linear, depressed, comminuted, compound, and basilar skull fractures

Front 29

Cerebral concussion

Back 29

is a bruising of the cerebral tissue that is caused by violent back and forth movement of the head as in an acceleration-deceleration insult.

Front 30

Contusion of the brain

Back 30

caused by a blow to the head or an impact against a hard surface, as in an automobile accident.

Front 31

Depressed skull fracture

Back 31

When a portion of the skull is broken and pushed in on the brain, causing injury

Front 32

Epidural hematoma

Back 32

is a mass of blood that forms between the skull and the dura mater, the outermost of the three meningeal layers that cover the brain.

Front 33

Subdural hematoma

Back 33

the blood collects or pools between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane, the second meningeal membrane.

Front 34

Paraplegia

Back 34

paralysis of the lower extremities and usually the trunk

Front 35

Goal of treatment for spinal cord injuries

Back 35

restoration of normal alignment and stability of spine; decompression of the spinal cord, nerves, and vertebrae; early rehabilitation; these goals may involve surgery or using specialized medications and procedures.

Front 36

Symptoms of degenerative disk disease

Back 36

Pain radiating down the nerve path that is burning and constant, and can become intractable. Constant back pain and the severe pain that radiates down one or both legs may be accompanied by loss of some motor functions in the legs. May also experience numbness and tingling associated with weakness

Front 37

Function of an intervertebral disk

Back 37

They act as a shock-absorbing cushion for the vertebrae and gives the back its flexibility for movement

Front 38

Causes of sciatic nerve injury

Back 38

Brought about by trauma, degeneration, or rupture of the nucleus pulposus within the intervertebral disks L4 through S3

Front 39

Intervertebral disks

Back 39

soft pads of cartilage located between the vertebrae that make up the spine

Front 40

Before the onset of a headache, many persons who experience migraine headaches have

Back 40

visual auras

Front 41

Migraine headaches have been treated with these types of therapy

Back 41

Sumatriptan (Imitrex), Propranolol (Inderal), Ibuprofen (Motrin)

Front 42

Which of the following is not a common therapy of migraine treatment?

Back 42

Dipyridamole (Persantine)

Front 43

Headaches

Back 43

may be acute or chronic and located in the frontal, temporal, or occipital regions of the head

Front 44

Tests used to diagnose epilepsy

Back 44

EEG, MRI, CT Scan, Cerebral angiography, Skull radiographic film, Blood serum test

Front 45

Type of medications that are used to treat epilepsy

Back 45

Anticonvulsants, like phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, divalproex, levetiracetam, gabapentin, phenobarbital, topiramate, and oxcarbazepine.

Front 46

Types of seizures that may occur

Back 46

Classified as partial or generalized; (More than 30 types)

Front 47

partial seizures

Back 47

do not involve the entire brain but arise from a localized area in the brain

Front 48

generalized seizures

Back 48

can cause a diffuse electrical abnormality within the brain and include absence and tonic-clonic attacks

Front 49

absence attacks

Back 49

are also known as petit mal seizures, consist of a brief change in the level of consciousness indicated by staring, blinking, or blankly staring, with loss of awareness of surroundings. may only last a few seconds and can occur many times a day if not treated

Front 50

tonic-clonic attacks

Back 50

are also known as grand mal seizures where may begin with loud cry, followed by falling to the ground and loss of consiousness

Front 51

tonic phase of tonic-clonic attacks

Back 51

the body stiffens, and the tongue may be bitten, patient can become cyanotic if it last long

Front 52

clonic phase of tonic-clonic attacks

Back 52

the generalized rhythmic muscle spasms occur followed by relaxation

Front 53

status epilepticus

Back 53

occurs when one seizure follows another one with no recovery of consciousness between attacks

Front 54

Status epilepticus

Back 54

This occurs when one seizure follows another one with no recovery of consciousness between attacks; requires medical emergency that requires immediate anticonvulsant to prevent cerebral anoxia, hyperpexia, vascular collapse, and even death!

Front 55

Partial seizures

Back 55

do not involve the entire brain but arise from a localized area in the brain

Front 56

Treatment of choice for epilepsy

Back 56

Anticonvulsant medications

Front 57

Not considered a medication for the treatment of epilepsy

Back 57

Gemfibrozil (Lopid)

Front 58

Medications for the treatment of epilepsy

Back 58

Phenobarbital, Valproic acid (Depakote), Phenytoin (Dilantin)

Front 59

Drug combinations frequently used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease

Back 59

Carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet)

Front 60

Drug combinations NOT frequently used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease

Back 60

Phenytoin/phenobarbital, Diazepam/lorazepam (Valium and Ativan), Atenolol/hydrochlorothiazide (Tenormin and Hydrodiuril)

Front 61

Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Back 61

have difficulty with speech, chewing, swallowing, breathing, and eventually require a ventilator

Front 62

Signs of early meningitis

Back 62

Vomiting and a headache that increases in intensity with movement or shaking of head, (nuchal rigidity) stiff neck that resists any sideways or flexion-extension movements of the head. Positive Kernig's sign (resistance to leg extension after flexing the thigh on the body) and Brudzinski's sign (neck flexion causes flexion of the hips from a supine position) indicates meningeal irritation; Deep tendon reflexes increase, and the patient exhibits irritability, photophobia, and hypersensitivity of the skin

Front 63

nuchal rigidity

Back 63

stiff neck that resists any sideways or flexion-extension movements of the head

Front 64

Positive Kernig's sign

Back 64

resistance to leg extension after flexing the thigh on the body

Front 65

Brudzinski's sign

Back 65

neck flexion causes flexion of the hips from a supine position

Front 66

Encephalitis is usually the result of a bite from which insect?

Back 66

infected mosquito

Front 67

Possible treatments for a brain abscess

Back 67

Intravenous antibiotics to resolve infection, Mannitol or steroids to reduce cerebral edema,Surgical drainage of abscess to relieve intercranial pressure & to culture organism. Additional tx. is supportive

Front 68

Why a lumbar puncture is contraindicated if the patient has a brain abscess

Back 68

The resulting increased intracranial pressure may cause the brainstem to herniate, with the consequence of death

Front 69

Symptoms of Guillain-Barre' syndrome

Back 69

Numbness and tingling of the feet and hands at onset followed by increasing muscle pain and tenderness, progressive muscle weakness and paralysis usually start in the lower extremities and move up the body in 24-72 hours, (descending weakness and paralysis is possible) respiratory insufficiency and difficulty swallowing are possible

Front 70

Vaccines that have helped eliminate cases of poliomyelitis

Back 70

Sabin vaccine and Salk vaccine

Front 71

Statistics for overall 5-year survival of all types of brain tumors

Back 71

For all types of brain tumors combined is 33%; this ranks among the lowest survival rates for all types of cancer. Children under age 14 having a much higher survival rate than adults

Front 72

Poor prognosis indicators of brain tumors include

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a high tumor grade, presence of mental changes at the time of diagnosis, large tumor size, and inability to fully resect the tumor during surgery

Front 73

Possible routes through which the poliomyelitis virus may enter the body

Back 73

By way of the nose and throat then crossing into the GI tract and reproduces in the lymphoid tissue

Front 74

How are primary brain tumors classified?

Back 74

Histologically according to the type of cell

Front 75

Race having the highest incidence of brain tumors

Back 75

Caucasians

Front 76

Efferent nerves transmit impulses

Back 76

Away from the brain and spinal cord

Front 77

Afferent nerves

Back 77

Transmit impulses toward the brain and spinal cord

Front 78

Possible causes of Peripheral Neuritis

Back 78

Chronic alcohol intoxication, toxicity, and infectious disease

Front 79

TIA

Back 79

Temporary episode of impaired neurologic functioning caused by a lack of blood flow to a portion of the brain

Front 80

Paraplegia

Back 80

is paralysis that involves loss of motor and sensory control of the trunk and Two extremities.

Front 81

Signs of Parkinson's disease

Back 81

Pin-rolling tremor of thumb and forefinger, muscular rigidity, mask-like facial expression and shuffling gait

Front 82

Routes in which infectious organisms may reach the brain and cause infection

Back 82

The blood, penetrating trauma, and infection in adjoining structures such as the ear or sinuses

Front 83

Meningitis is an inflammation of the

Back 83

Membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

Front 84

Poliomyelitis

Back 84

Is not diagnosed as frequently as it was before 1960. Is a highly contagious viral disease that affects the anterior horn cells of the gray matter in the spinal cord

Front 85

Prognosis for patients with tumors involving the brain is

Back 85

Poor

Front 86

Migraine headaches

Back 86

Are periodic, Are sometimes incapacitating, May be triggered by certain foods in some patients

Front 87

Hemiparesis is a paralysis involving

Back 87

Either half of the body

Front 88

Huntington's Disease is

Back 88

An inherited disorder, Characterized by dancelike movements

Front 89

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis causes symptoms of

Back 89

Progressive destruction of motor neurons, resulting in muscle atrophy

Front 90

ALS

Back 90

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Front 91

Nerves that transmit impulses toward the brain and spinal cord are

Back 91

afferent

Front 92

Nerves that transmit impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands are

Back 92

efferent

Front 93

Which is NOT likely to cause a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Back 93

Neuroblastoma

Front 94

Which IS likely to cause a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

Back 94

Advancing arteriosclerosis, Cerebral embolism, Cerebral thrombosis

Front 95

Vascular disorders that MAY result in a CVA are

Back 95

cerebral thrombosis and cerebral emvolism, cerebral hemorrhage

Front 96

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)/ Ministrokes

Back 96

Temporary episodes of impaired neurologic functioning caused by inadequate blood flow to a portion of the brain

Front 97

A collection or mass of blood that forms between the skull and the dura mater is termed an

Back 97

epidural hematoma

Front 98

Contusion

Back 98

Bruising of the brain tissues along or just beneath its surface accompanied by symptoms lasting more that 24 hours

Front 99

Basilar fracture

Back 99

is the result of the bones of the floor of the cranial vault being broken.

Front 100

True or False: With an epidural hematoma, the onset of symptoms is delayed as a result of a slower accumulation of blood

Back 100

False

Front 101

Paraplegia

Back 101

Loss of motor and sensory control of the trunk of the body and lower extremities as a result of a spinal cord injury

Front 102

Quadriplegia

Back 102

Paralysis of all four extremities

Front 103

Hemiparesis

Back 103

A slight paralysis in either half of the body

Front 104

Paraplegia

Back 104

Paralysis of the lower half of the body as a result of damage in the lower portion of the spinal cord

Front 105

True or False: Spinal stenosis contributes to sciatic pain caused by a narrowing of the spinal canal that causes compression of spinal nerve roots

Back 105

True

Front 106

True or False: Narrowing of intervertebral spaces on imaging studies may indicate degeneration of an intervertebral disk

Back 106

True

Front 107

True or False: Another term for herniated disk is ruptured or slipped disk

Back 107

True

Front 108

Migraines

Back 108

Periodic severe headaches that may be completely incapacitating

Front 109

Epilepsy

Back 109

A chronic brain disorder characterized by sudden episodes of abnormally intense electrical activity in the brain

Front 110

Epilepsy

Back 110

is an abnormal condition in which there are sudden, transient disturbances of brain function causing seizures

Front 111

Parkinson disease is characterized by

Back 111

"pill" rolling tremor of thumb and forefinger, muscular rigidity, masklike facial expression, and shuffling gait

Front 112

Huntington's chorea

Back 112

An inherited disorder in which the individual displays abrupt, bizarre, involuntary, dancelike movements and a decline in mental functions

Front 113

ALS

Back 113

Condition that involves progressive destruction of motor neurons resulting in muscle atrophy

Front 114

Symptoms of meningeal irritation or meningitis

Back 114

Nuchal rigidity, headache, and photopia

Front 115

Infectious organisms may reach the brain from

Back 115

the blood, penetrating trauma, an infection in adjoining structures such as the ear or sinuses

Front 116

Meningitis

Back 116

Inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord

Front 117

True or False: The amnesia of transient global amnesia is permanent

Back 117

False

Front 118

True or False: TIA and transient global amnesia (TGA) are the same thing

Back 118

False

Front 119

Possible causes of peripheral neuritis

Back 119

include chronic alcohol intoxication, toxicity, and infectious diseases

Front 120

Peripheral neuritis

Back 120

involves degeneration of the nerves outside the CNS and affects the distal muscles of the extremities.

Front 121

The patient with toc douloureux or trigeminal neuralgia

Back 121

experiences excruciating pain that radiates along the fifth cranial nerve distribution affecting any of the branches

Front 122

Bell's palsy

Back 122

Unilateral facial paralysis

Front 123

Guillain-Barre's syndrome

Back 123

An acute rapidly progressive disease of the spinal nerves with progressive muscle weakness and paralysis in a 24 to 72 hour period

Front 124

Poliomyelitis

Back 124

is a highly contagious viral disease that affects the anterior horn cells of the gray matter in the spinal cord

Front 125

Symptoms and signs of brain tumors

Back 125

headache, seizures, and cognitive dysfunction, gait disturbances, lethargy, and nystagmus, fever, stiff neck, and unilateral facial paralysis

Front 126

True or False: All brain tumors originate in the brain tissue

Back 126

False