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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Eriksonian conflict of adolescence? What is role confusion?
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The Erikson conflict of of adolescense is that of identitiy vs. role confusion. If young people's earlier conflicts were reolved negatively or if society limits their choices to ones that do not match their abilities and desires, they may appear shallow, directionless, and unprepared for the challenges of adulthood.
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Understand and be able to identify from examples the 4 paths to identity or identity statues discussed by James Marcia.
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A clinical interviewing procedure that evaluates the progress of identity development on two criteria, exploration and commitment and their various combinations yield four identity statutes.
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Discuss the four identity statutes
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1. Identity Achievement - commitment to values, beliefs and goals following a period of expoloration. 2. Identity Moratorium - exploration without having reached commitment. 2. Identity foreclosure - commitment in the absense of exploration. 4. Identity Diffusion - an apathetic state characterized by lack of both exploration and commitment.
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Identity Achievement
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Description - having already explored alternatives, identity-achieved individuals are committed to a clearly formulated set of self-chosen values and goals. They feel a sense of psychological well being, of sameness through time, and of knowing where they are going.
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This is an example of what Identity Statute: When asked how willing she would be to give up going into her chosen occupation if something better came along, Lauren Responded "Well I might, but I doubt it, I've thought long and hard about law as a career. I'm pretty certain it's for me."
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Identity Achievement
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Identity Moratorium
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Moratorium means "delay or holding pattern". These individuals have not yet made definite commitments. They are in the process of exploring-gathering information and trying out activities, with the desire to find values and goalsto guide their lives.
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This is an example of what Identity Statute: When asked whether he had ever had doubts about his religious beliefs, Ramon said, "Yes, I guess I'm ging through that right now. I just don't see how there could be a God and yet so much evil in the world.
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Identity Moratorium
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Identity Foreclosure
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Description - these individuals have commited themselves to values and goals without exploring alternatives. They accept a read-made identity chosen for them by authority figures, usually parents, but sometimes teachers, religious leaders, or sometimes partners.
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This is an example of what Identity statute: When asked if she had ever reconsidered her political beliefs, Hilary answered " No not really, our family is pretty much in agreement on these things.
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Identity foreclosure
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Identity diffusion
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Description - they lack clear direction. They are neither commited to valuse and goals nor actively trying to reach them. They may never have explored alternatives or may have found the task too threatening and overwhelming.
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This is an example of what identity statute: When asked about his attitude toward nontraditional gender roles, Joel responded, " Oh I don't know, it doesn't make much differenct to me. I can take it or leave it.
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Which identity statutes are psychologically healthy routes to a mature self definition
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Identity Achievement and moratorium
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What factors affect identity development?
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Identity development is enhanced when families serve as a secure base from which they can securely move out into the world. Interaction with diverse peers through school and communitiy activities encourages adolescents to explore values and role opportunities. Also depends on schools and communities that offer rich and varied opportunities for exploration.Culture and societal forces .
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What is ethnic identity? What fosters the development of bicultural identity?
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Ethnic identity is a sense of ethnic group membership and attitured and feelings associated with that membership. Forming a bicultural identity - by exploring and adotpint values from both the adolescent's subculture and the dominant culture.
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What factors are predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence?
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Authoritative parenting predicts high self esteem as does encouragement from teachers.
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What factors lead to the development of mature identities in adolescence?
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Identity achievement and moratorium are psychologically health routes to a mature self-definition.
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What is Piaget’s theory of moral development? What are the criticisms of the theory?
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Theory by Piaget based on the stages that children go through at certain ages in terms of morality, such as premoral judgement, moral realism, and moral relativity. He based his theory on two lines of research, one was observing kids of different ages playing marbles and questioning them about the rules and the other was giving children differnt dilemmas, each consisting on a pair of stories and then he would observe their answers and their reasoning. It was criticized because their answers could be culture specific, people didn't agree that childrens views on morality could be based on a game of marbles, and evolutionary psychologists disagreed with the idea that morality comes from socialization.
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Understand the Heinz dilemma put forth by Kohlberg
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Kohlberg's best known dilemma, it it pits the value of obeying the law and not stealing against the value of human life, saving a dying person.
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What is the 1st stage of moral development
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Stage 1: The punishment and obedience orientation - children at this stage find it difficult to consider two points of view in a moral dilemma. As a result they overlook people's intentions. Instead, they focus on fear of authority and avoidance of punishment as reasons for behavind morally.
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What is the 2nd stage of moral development
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The instrumental purpose orientation - children become aware that people can have different perspectives in a moral dilemma, but at first this understanding is concrete. They view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand reciprocity as equal exchange of favors: " you do this for me, and i'll do this for you"
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What is stage 3 of moral development
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The "good boy-good girl" orientation, or the morality of interpersonal cooperation.
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what is stage 4 of moral development
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The social-ordering-maintaining orientation - at this stage the individual takes into account a larger perspective - that of societal laws. Moral choices no longer depend on close ties to others. Instead, rules must be enforced in the same evenhanded fashion for everyone, and each member of society has a personal duty to uphold them. The stage 4 individual believes believes that laws should never be disobeyed because they are vital for ensuring societal order and cooperative relations between operations.
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What is stage 5 of moral development
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At stage 5, individuals regard laws and rules as flexible instruments for for furthering human purposes. They can imagine alternatives to their own social order, and they emphasize fair procedures for interpreting and changing the law. When laws are consistent with individual rights and the interests of the majority, each person follows them because of a social contract orientation - free and willing participation in the system because it brings about more good for good people that if it did not exist.
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What is stage 6 of moral development
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The universal ethical principle orientation - at this highest stage, right action is defined by self-chosen ethical principles of conscience that are valid for all people, regardless of law and social agreement. These values are abstract, not concrete moral rules like Ten Commandments. They typically mention such principles as respect for the owrth and dignity of each person.
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Prostealing: " if you let your wife die, you will…be blamed for not spending the money to help her aned there'll be an investigation of you and the druggist for your wife's death" - Example of…
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Stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation
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Antistealing: " you shouldn't steal the drug because you'll be caught and sent to jail if you do. If you do get away, you'd be scared that the police would catch up with you any minute"
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Stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation
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Prostealing: " If Heinz decides to risk jail to save his wife, it's his life he's risking; he can do what he wants with it. And the same goes for the druggist; its up to him to decide what he wants to do."
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Stage 2: the instrumental purpose orientation
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Antistealing: " Heinz is running more risk than it's worth ( to save a wife that's near death )
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Stage 2 : the instrumental purpose orientation
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Prostealing: " No one will think you're bad if you steal the drug, but your family will think you're an inhuman husband if you don't. If you let your wife die, you'll never be able to look anyone in the face again."
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Stage 3: The "good boy-or good girl" orientation, or the morality of interpersonal cooperation
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Antistealing: "It isn't the druggist who will think you're a criminal, everyone else will too…you'll feel bad thinking how you've brought dishonor on your family and yourself."
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Stage 3: The "good boy-or good girl" orientation, or the morality of interpersonal cooperation
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Prostealing: "Heinz has a duty to protect his wife's life; it's a vow he took in marriage. But it's wrong to steal, so he wold have to take the drug with the idea of paying the druggist for it and accpeting the penalty for breaking the law later.
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Stage 4: The social-order - maintaining orientation
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Antistealing: "Even if his wife is dying, it's sill Heinz's duty as a citizen to obey the law…If everyone starts breaking the law in a jam, there'd be no civilization, just crime and violence.
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Stage 4: The social-order - maintaining orientation
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Prostealing: " Although there is a law against stealing, the law wasn't meant to violate a person's right to life…If Heinz is prosecuted for stealing, the law needs to be reinterpreted to take into account the situations in which it goes against people's natural right to keep on living.
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Stage 5: The social contract orientation
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Prostealing: " It doesn't make sense to put respect for property above respect for life itself. People could live together without private property at all. Respect for human life and personality is absolute and accordingly people have a mutual duty to save one another from dying."
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Stage 6: The universal ethical principle orientation
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According to Kohlberg, most people never get beyond what stage of moral development?
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Most people never get beyond stage 4
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What is Carol Gilligan’s criticism of Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
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She feels that it does not represent the morality of girls and women. Research on moral development has been limited by too much attention to rights and justice - a masculine ideal and too little to care and responsiveness - a feminine ideal.
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What is gender intensification?
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increased gender stereotyping of attitudes and behavior and movement toward a more traditional gender identity.
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What factors contribute most to gender intensification in adolescence?
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Biological, social, and cognitive factors are involved. Changes during puberty, parents, and a concern for what others think increase gender intensification.
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How do relationships with parents change?
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Puberty triggers psychological distancing from parents, as young people look more mature, parents give them more independence and responsibility. Teenagers also begin to deidelize their parents and view them just as just people.
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What results from teens deidealization of their parents in adolescence?
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Teenagers start to view their parents as just people and consequently they no longer bend as easily to parental authority as they did when younger.
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What are the values of adolescent friendships?
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intimacy, mutual understanding, loyalty, self-disclosure
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What function does dating serve in adolescence?
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Recreation and achieving peer status. And by late adolescense it's for companionship, affection and social support.
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What are the problems of development in adolescence?
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early parenthood, substance abuse, school failure, depression, suicide and delinquency
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"During adolescence, what is the most reliable predictor of mental health?
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Throughout adolescense, the quality of the parent-child relationship is the single most consistent predictor of mental health.
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Be able to differentiate between adolescent crowds and cliques…..
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cliques are groups of about five to seven members who are friends and, therefore, usually resemble one another in family background, attitudes and values. Crowds are often several cliques with similar values that form a larger more loosely organized group.
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What are the signs of a suicidal teen?
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feelings of sadness, easily frustrated, neglect of personal appearance, decline in grades, sleep change - loss or excess, appetite change - eating more or less, physical complaints.
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