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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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RNA chain produced by transcription
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RNA transcript
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occurs with recognition of the promoter sequence
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Initiation
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initiation sequence indicating starting point
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promoter
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a subunit of polymerase responsible for recognizing the promoter sequence on DNA
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sigma factor
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the stage when the transcript is elongated
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Elongation
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occurs when transcript encounters the terminator sequence
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termination
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In what direction is mRNA transcribed?
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5' to 3'
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Order the following events:
-RNA splicing -polyadenylation -5' cap (RNA capping) |
1. 5' Cap
2. RNA splicing 3. Polyadenylation |
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Where is the TATA box located?
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upstream of the gene, as part of the promoter sequence (-10)
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Which bases are purines?
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adenine, guanine
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Which bases are pyrimidines?
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cytosine, thymine
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A base pairs with what?
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Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA)
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C base pairs with what?
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Guanine (in both)
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Give the complementary sequence.
5'-GCATTCGTGGGGTAG-3' |
5'-GTACCCACGAATGC-3'
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In eukaryotic _______, DNA is complexed with proteins to form _______.
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chromosomes; chromatin
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The paternal and maternal copies of human chromosome 1 are ________.
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homologous
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The paternal copy of chromosome 1 and the maternal copy of chromosome would be an example of __________ pairs.
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nonhomologous
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Cytogeneticists can determine large-scale chromosomal abnormalities by looking at a patient's ___________.
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karyotype
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Fluorescent molecules can be used to paint a chromosome by virtue of DNA _______________, and thereby identifiy each chromosome using microscopy.
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hybridization
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the enzyme that unwinds DNA
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helicase
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prevents the re-annealing of unwound DNA strands
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single-stranded binding proteins
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this enzyme lays down the RNA primer required to start DNA replication
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Primase
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T/F. RNA polymerase can only extend an existing strand; therefore, it requires a primer.
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False; DNA polymerase requires a primer, but RNA polymerase does not.
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this enzyme removes RNA primer by hydrolyzing it
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RNase H
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This enzyme links short strands of DNA together.
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Ligase
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long, non-coding intervening sequences
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Introns
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Which sequence is typically longer introns or exons?
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Introns
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scattered pieces of coding; expressed sequences
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exons
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Explain the process of splicing.
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-each intron contains sequence that cues its removal
-snRNPs cleave the RBA at the intron-exon borders -they covalently link exons together -intron is cut out in the form of a lariat structure -exons are stitched together -each transcript receives poly-A-tail |
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What are three benefits to RNA splicing?
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1. Different proteins produced from same gene.
2. Recombination between exons of different genes 3. Evolutionary history of genes |
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nucleotides made of two-ring bases
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purines (Adenine and Guanine)
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nucleotides made of one-ring bases
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pyrimidines (Cytoseine and Thymine)
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base pair with two hydrogen bonds
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A=T
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base-pair with three hydrogen bonds
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C and G
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Chromosomes contain what two components?
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DNA and protein
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What is DNA made of?
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Two long polynucleotide chains held together by hydrogen bonding, known as DNA strands; nucleotides are covalently linked forming sugar-phosphate backbone
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When do chromosomes become visible?
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When they start to divide
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What is the 5' end of a DNA chain marked by?
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a phosphate group of one sugar
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What marks the 3' end of the DNA chain?
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a hydroxyl group of one sugar
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If a nucleotide were a knob and a hole, identify what the knob would be and what the hole would be.
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Knob-phosphate (5' phosphate)
hole (block)-sugar (3' hydroxyl group) |
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What gives DNA get its chemical polarity?
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the way in which nucleotide subunits are linked
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In DNA, the polarity of one strand is oriented opposite to that of the other strand, what is this called?
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antiparallel
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The nucleotide sequences between the two strands can best be described as what?
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complimentary
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20-letter amino acid alphabet of protein
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the genetic code
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the complete set of information in an organism's DNA
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genome
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A human cell contains about ___ of DNA.
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2m
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A cell's nucleus is only about ___ in diameter.
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5-8um
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How can DNA fit into a nucleus?
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DNA molecules are packaged into chromosomes.
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How does DNA packaging occur?
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It is accomplished through specialized proteins that binds to the DNA and fold it.
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How do bacteria carry their genes?
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single, circular DNA molecule called a plasmid
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The specific classification of DNA complex and protein.
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chromatin
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What is the only pair of nonhomologous chromosomes in the human genome?
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The sex chromosomes because an X is inherited from the mother and a Y is inherited from the father; all other chromosome pairs are homologous.
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What is the main difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?
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-Heterochromatin:the most highly condensed form of interphase chromatin
-euchromatin: the rest of the more extended states of interphase chromatin |
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T/F. Chromatin in an interphase chromatin is the same throughout.
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False. It is not in the same packing state throughout; highly condensed and less condensed.
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Most of the DNA permanently folded into heterochromatin in the cell DOES/DOES NOT contain genes.
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DOES NOT
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Why is most of the DNA folded into heterochromatin not expressed into genes?
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The unusual packing in heterochromatin makes the genes resistant
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Inappropriate packaging of genes in heterochromatin can cause what?
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disease
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What happens in DNA hybridization?
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A set of chromosome-specific DNA molecules coupled to fluorescent molecules are used to "paint" chromosome a different color
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a display of the full set of 46 human chromosomes
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karotype
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What is used to detect chromosomal abnormalities associated with inherited defects and with cancer?
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Alternations in banding patterns; if chromosomes are lost of missing, changes can be detected by banding patterns
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What is it called when labeled DNA forms base pairs?
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Hybridizing
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What does unique banding patterns enable?
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It allows identification of each human chromosome
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What is the function of chromosomes?
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to carry genes
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A segment of DNA that contains instructions for making a particular protein
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gene
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There is a correlation between the ________ of an organism and the ____________ in its genome.
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complexity; number of genes
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T/F. In eukaryotes,most of the DNA carries critical information.
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False; in many eukaryotes, there a large excess of interspersed "JUNK" DNA that does not carry criticial information
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___ are arranged along chromosomes.
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Genes
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How many chromosomes do humans have?
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46 chromosomes
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T/F. Closely related species can have very different chromosome numbers.
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True.
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The process by which a DNA molecule replicates and separates into daughter cells at each cell division
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cell cycle
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The stage in which the cell is actively expressing genes
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interphase
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The stage in which the nucleus divides, one complete set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell, and the cell divides to form two daughter cells
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mitosis
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What happens to the DNA and chromosomes during interphase and before cell division?
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DNA is replicated and chromosomes are duplicated.
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RNA and functional protein synthesis (cell cycle)
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Growth 1
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Structural proteins synthesis (cell cycle)
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G2
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DNA replication (cell cycle)
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S
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What occurs during interphase?
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gene expression and chromosome replication
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Each mitotic chromosome contains what?
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two identical daughter DNA molecules (chromatids)
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What are the basic units of chromatin structure?
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nucleosomes
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What are the two types of protein that bind to DNA?
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Histones; nonhistone chromosomal proteins
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Which protein is responsible for the nucleosome?
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histones
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How many time more compact is DNA than in its extended form?
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10,000 times
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DNA in interphase chromosomes is packed tightly with a compaction ratio of about ____-fold.
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1,000
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An individual nucleosome core particle consists of what parts?
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eight histone proteins (H2A, H2B, H3, H4) and linker-DNA (winds around histone octamer
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Levels of chromatin packing.
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DNA-->"beads on a string-->30-nm chromatin-->loops 300-nm (extended form)-->condensed form (700-nm)-->mitotic chromosome (1400nm)
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The structure of the 30-nm chromatin fiber may be a fluid mosaic of different ____ patterns.
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zigzag (variations)
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protein machines that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to change the structure of nucleosomes
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chromatin remodeling complexes
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