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31 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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What is the ideal setup for calf pens?
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•Optimum group size ≤ 10 calves
•Do not move calves from 1 group to another. Move sick calves to hospital pen and then a new group. Do not replace dead calves. •Limit number of calves in a shed to 60, all in/all out if possible •Clean and disinfect all pens well after weaningCalf |
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when do farmers aim to calve heifers? When to breed them?
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•In Australia, dairy farmers aim to calve heifers at 24 months of age (mating at 15 -18 months)
•Need good calf nutrition |
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How to achieve early weaning? 3
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Aim: to stimulate a degree of hunger, forcing increased consumption of concentrates and digestible forages
•Digestible CHO helps develop rumen papillae (VFAs) Remember- •Digestion of CHO in newborn calves is poor and concentrates do not contribute significantly to nutrient support in the first 2 weeks. •Fibre reduces acidosis risk and increases volume of the rumen |
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What are colostrum feeding requirements? What indicates inadequate colostrum?
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Feed at least 2 L of high quality colostrum in the first 4 hrs of life
•4 L colostrum in first 12 hourslife •Stomach tube all calves that won’t drink or are sluggish •Antibody absorption deteriorates markedly after 12 hours •Can test calf’s colostral status using TS protein levels •<5.5 mg/dl = inadequate colostrum intake |
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What % of BW needs to be for liquid diets in calves. What should the temperature be?
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•Feeding rate 8 –10% of BW per day
•Ad-lib consumption rates of 16–24% BW •Restrict amount of liquid diet fed to increase calf starter feed intake and promote rumen development •Balance growth rate with costs (labour etc) •Milk should be fed at 39 –40oC |
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what is the ideal Liquid diet feeding systems?
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•The ideal system is the teat system where the teat is at head height when the calf is standing
•Improves saliva production and buffering) •Helps in milk clot formation in ≥ 12 week old calves“ |
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What is the calf starter recommendations?
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18 –20% CP
•11.5 –12.5 MJ/kg ME •Coarser texture feeds are preferable (include 10 –25% fibre) •Introduce calf starters from 3 days of age •Calf muesli: add mineral/ additive inclusions as a pellet (or wet suspension with molasses) to reduce settling and sorting by calvesWeaning |
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what are the health management of hefier?s?
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Ensure 3 –10 month old dairy heifers fed high energy diets (10 –12 MJ ME/kg DM) are given adequate crude protein in the diet (at least 17%)
•Post calving heifer weights should be 85% of the mature weight of the cow with a BCS of 3.5 –4/5 |
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what causes rain scald? What are the risk factors?
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Mycotic Dermatitis (rain scald)
•Dermatophilus congolensis •Infection direct via skin abrasions •Young animals/ puberty most common •Stress, poor immune function, steroid treatment results in more severe lesions •Ticks and fly worry may help in the spread of the disease •Wet, moist conditions and long hair are risk factors |
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4 clinical signs of dermatophylus congolensis?
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•Lesions anywhere on the body (head, neck, udder, scrotum, legs, and axilla more common)
•Often a crusty dermatitis along the top-line •Papules/ pustules initially, leading to brown to creamy thick scabs overlying a raw surface •No pruritus |
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How would you treat rain scald?
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•Procaine penicillin IM for 5 –7 days OR
•Oxytetracycline LA 20 mg/kg IM once •Valuable animals –also use topical tx –grooming/clipping long hair/ iodine shampoos •Potential zoonosis -advise wearing of gloves when treating cattle and wash hands with iodine Herd problem •1% CuSO4solution dip or spray or iodine shampoos. •Infections often resolve spontaneously over several weeks if the affected animals can be kept dry. •Remove tufts of crusted hair or clip matted hair (reduce numbers of organisms) |
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What is the causative agent for Dermatophytosis (ringworm)?
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Trichophyton sppmost common
•Very hardy, survive on inanimate objects, bedding and soil for months •Zoonotic potential •Young cattle (2 months to yearlings) most susceptible •Animals in poor condition more susceptible •Asymptomatic carriers |
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What is the tx for Dermatophytosis (ringworm)?
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Treatment
Usually self limiting within 1 –12 m Individual animal treatment: •1% Iodine soln scrubbed into lesions BID for 14 days •Sodium Iodide 20% soln IV. Rpt 3–4 days •1 -2% CuSO4sprayed on daily (7-10 d) •2 –5% lime sulphur sprayed on daily (5 d then once weekly until cured) |
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what is the The most common tumours in dairy cattle?
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20103Infectious Papillomatosis (warts)
•Bovine papilloma virus types 1 –6 •The most common tumours in dairy cattle •Most are benign and self limiting •Young animals (6 –24 months) most commonly affected |
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Name 3 causes of photosensitising agents (primary)?
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Primary
Due to the ingestion of a photo-dynamic substance •hypericin in St Johns Wort •perennial ryegrass •lucerne silage |
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Name 3 causes of photosensitising agents (secondary)?
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Secondary
Initially liver damage from eg. •Fungal pores such as Pithomyces chartarum(which causes Facial Eczema) •Fireweed (Kochia scoparia) •Brassica spp. •Rattle weed (Crotalaria spp.) •Patterson‟s curse (Echium lycopsis) •Mouldy lucerne hay 21Forster, |
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describe the pathogenesis for secodnary photosensitisation
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Liver damage means that substances normally eliminated in the bile eg phylloerythrin (breakdown product from chlorophyll) are able to reach the peripheral circulation and cause photosensitivity
•Liver damage + high chlorophyll pastures + sunlight = 2ophotosensitisation •In Southern Australia, most common in springand autumn |
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describe the clinical signs for secodnary photosensitisation
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Photophobia and pruritus on exposure to sunlight (poorly pigmented areas)
•Initially -an area of erythema/ oedema •Then -oozing of serum •Lastly -necrosis of the skin •Severe pruritus →self-inflicted trauma →2oinfection •May see icterus |
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What is the causative agent of facial eczema
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•The ingestion of spores of the fungus “Pithomyces chartartum” that grow on dead and damaged plant material.
•In Australia and New Zealand the fungus typically affects Ryegrass pasture species. •The hepato-toxic agent is “Sporodesmin” |
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What is the necropsy findings of a cow with facial eczema?
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Necropsy findings
•Generalised jaundice •Swollen, mottled and fibrotic liver •Thickened gall bladder •Oedema and ulceration of the bladder Clinical Pathology •↑serum GGT |
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what is the cause of teat necrosis?
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•Severe teat end hyperkeratosis and black spot in >20% of herd
•Very uncomfortable and grumpy cows •Vacuum at teat end = 43.5 kPa(target 36 –42) •Overmilking3min 20sec (acceptable 1–2 m max) |
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what is the tx of teat necrosis?
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•Remove necrotic tissue (use warm saline)
•Enlarge teat orifice if required (x incision) •Apply combo of phenybutazoneointment and lotagenor prednoderm(off label use) BID after milking •Intramammaryantibiotics to reduce the risk of mastitis •Reduce vacuum (to 39 kPa) •Speed up platform |
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What is the cause of cracked teat?
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•Often seen in cold and wet winter and spring period
•Due to frequent wetting of the teats •May be associated with de-fatting solutions being used as antiseptic teat dips •Excessive sucking or biting by older calves |
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How do you prevent cracked teat?
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•Bathe off any scabs
•Apply a soft emollient antiseptic or antibiotic cream after each milking •Include glycerine with the teat |
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what is the cause of milker's nodule?
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•Parapoxvirusclosely related to "Scabby Mouth" in sheep
•Most common viral teat condition, all ages are susceptible •Milking difficult =increased mastitis risk •Freshly calved cows and recent introductions most at risk |
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Is pseudocow pox zoonotic?
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•Short incubation period/ short period of immunity following infection –no resistance to reinfection
•Zoonoticpotential •The virus reaches "clean" farms through: •stock movements •visiting milkers •Teat abrasions aid in entry of virus14 |
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What is the treatment for milker's nodules?
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No specific treatment
•Antiseptic lotion or ointment that may be virucidalapplied BID after milking can be tried egOtodermsolution •Use gloves when milking •Individual paper towels to clean udders if necessary |
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What is the causative agent for ulcerative mammilitis?
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•Bovine herpes virus 2 (BHV2)
•Highest risk in first calf bought in heifers •Outbreaks often begin in autumn and continue through the winter •Self limiting in a herd (3 –4 months) •Disease spread between herds? •Insect vectors/ introduced animals/ milking equipment/ milkers |
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What is the tx for ulcerative mammilitis?
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No effective treatment
•Supportive measures include: •Careful milking •Antiseptic cream to keep the teats soft and prevent 2oinfection eg"Otoderm"® •Use of iodine based teat dips to inactivate the virus •Milking affected animals lastUdder |
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what is the cause of udder oedema?
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Similar conditions, usually occur immediately prior to and just after calving
•Most common in first calf heifers •Pathologic when oedema stretches from the vulva around to the xiphoidprocess •Oedema may be present for months •When a herd problem exists, check the transition diet for high sodium and potassium24 |
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How do you teat udder oedema?
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•Indicated if severe oedema
•Pre-calving milking (in cows leaking milk) •Bathing/ massage of the udder •Udder oedema mix: •43mL frusemide+ 7mL dex(5mg/mL) •Give 15mL on first day and 12mL once daily after that as required •**Furosemideincreases urinary losses of calcium (milk fever risk) |
