Campbell Biology Ch 4

Front 1

compounds containing carbon are said to be

Back 1

organic

Front 2

the study of compounds containing

carbon is called

Back 2

organic chemistry

Front 3

The major elements of life

Back 3

1. Carbon

2. Hydrogen

3. Oxygen

4. Nitrogen

5. Sulfur

6. Phosphorus

Front 4

Bonds to 4 other atoms

Back 4

Carbon Diversity

Front 5

Structural Formula

For?

Back 5

Single covalent carbon bonds

tetrahedron

◦Tetrahedralshape- angles 109.5°

Methane

Front 6

"flexible"

Back 6

Ethane

tetrahedral

each C bonds to 4 other atoms

single covalent bonds

Front 7

Ball & Stick Model

(molecular shape in pink) for

Back 7

Single covalent carbon bonds

tetrahedron

◦Tetrahedralshape- angles 109.5°

Front 8

"rigid"

Back 8

Ethene (ethylene)

2 carbon atoms joined by a double bond,

the molecule has a flat shape

share 2 electrons

Front 9

Four ways that carbon skeletons can vary.

Back 9

1. Length

2. Branching

3. Double bond position

4. Presence of rings

Front 10

Molecular Diversity

Carbon Skeleton

Example of?

Back 10

Length

Front 11

Molecular Diversity

Carbon Skeleton

Example of?

Back 11

Double bond position

Front 12

Molecular Diversity

Carbon Skeleton

Example of?

Back 12

Branching

Front 13

Molecular Diversity

Carbon Skeleton

Example of?

Back 13

Presence of Rings

Front 14

Organic molecules consist of only

Back 14

carbon & hydrogen --Hydrocarbons(nonpolar)

◦Lipidsor fats

◦Hydrophobic

Front 15

Hydrogen and Carbon can form how

many bonds?

Back 15

only 1 bond

Cannot form double bond

Front 16

Compounds with same molecular formula

but different structures and properties

1.Structural

2.Geometric

3.Enantiomers

Back 16

Isomers

Front 17

Have different covalent arrangements of their atoms or location of double bond

Back 17

Structural Isomer

Front 18

Back 18

Structural Isomer

Front 19

Back 19

Structural Isomer Example

Front 20

Have the same covalent arrangements,

but differ in spatial arrangements

◦Inflexibility of double bonds

Back 20

Geometric Isomers (cis-trans)

Front 21

Back 21

Geometric Isomer Example

Front 22

Back 22

Geometric Isomer Example

Front 23

Isomers that are mirror images of

each other

◦Asymmetric carbon- attached to 4

different atoms (or groups of atoms)

◦Can be arranged in 2 different ways

◦One biologically active, other inactive

Back 23

Enantiomers

Front 24

Ex of what type of Isomer?

Back 24

trans isomer:

The two Xs are on opposite sides.

Front 25

Ex of what type of Isomer?

Back 25

cis isomer:

The two Xs are on the same side.

Front 26

Back 26

Enantiomer Example

Front 27

chemical groups that affect molecular function ◦Contribute by affecting molecules shape

◦Directly involved in chemical reactions

Back 27

Functional Groups

Front 28

List of Reactive functional groups

Back 28

Front 29

increase solubility of organic compounds

in water

Back 29

Hydrophilic

Front 30

Non Reactive Functional Group

Back 30

Methyl Group

Front 31

Not reactive, functional group contributes

to function by affecting

Back 31

shape

Front 32

Back 32

Hydroxyl Group -OH

Front 33

Back 33

Carbonyl Group

Carbon double bonded to oxygen

Front 34

carbonyl group within a carbon skeleton

Back 34

Ketone

Front 35

Back 35

Acetone, the simplest ketone

structural isomers

Front 36

carbonyl group at the end of the

carbon skeleton

Back 36

Aldehyde

Front 37

Back 37

Propanal, an aldehyde

structural isomers

Front 38

Back 38

Carboxyl Group -COOH

Front 39

Found in cells in the

ionized form with a charge of 1- and called

carboxylate ion

Back 39

Carboxyl

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES:

Front 40

Back 40

Amino Group -NH2

Front 41

Acts as a base; can pick up a H+ from the

surrounding solution (water, in living organisms):

Found in cells in the ionized form with a charge of 1+.

Back 41

Amino Group

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES:

Front 42

Back 42

Amino

Front 43

Back 43

Name: Amines

amine & a carboxylic acid

(compounds with both groups

are called amino acids

Front 44

Back 44

Sulfhydryl Group -SH

Front 45

can react, forming a covalent bond. This “cross-linking” helps stabilize protein structure.

Back 45

2 sulfhydryl groups

Front 46

Back 46

Thiols

Front 47

Back 47

Phosphate Group

PhOsphates have

P’s and O’s

Front 48

Contributes negative charge to the molecule of which it is a part (2– when at the end of a

molecule, (Glycerol phosphate); 1– when located internally in a chain of phosphates).

---Molecules containing phosphate groups have the potential to react with water, releasing

energy.

Back 48

Front 49

Back 49

Glycerol phosphate,

takes part in many important

chemical reactions in cells

Front 50

Back 50

Adenosinetriphosphate (ATP)

Organic phosphate molecule- energy source adenosine attached to 3 phosphate groups

Front 51

Back 51

MethylGroup

Front 52

Affects the expression of genes

Transcription

Translation

Shape can change function

Back 52

methylated compounds

Front 53

copy DNA into RNA

Back 53

Transcription

Front 54

Back 54

methylated compounds

5-methyl cytidine

Front 55

“translate” RNA to protein

Back 55

Translation

Front 56

Back 56

Estradiol

Front 57

Back 57

Testosterone

Front 58

Is polar as a result of the electrons spending more time near the electronegative oxygen atom.

Can form H-bonds with water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars.

Back 58

Hydroxyl

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES

Front 59

Back 59

Sulfhydryl

Cross-linking of cysteines in hair proteins

maintains the curliness or straightness of hair. Straight hair can be “permanently” curled by shaping it around curlers and then breaking and re-forming the cross-linking bonds.

Front 60

the primary energy- transferring molecule in the cell

Back 60

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 61

Back 61

ATP consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of

three phosphate groups

Front 62

Back 62

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)