Byu History 202 Final Exam

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nawab

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A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor.

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Afrikaners

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South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

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Indian National Congress:

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A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

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Taiping Rebellion:

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The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire.

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durbar

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An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, apparently in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire.

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Opium War

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War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China.

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Sepoy Rebellion:

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The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

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recaptives

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Africans rescued by Britain's royal navy from the illegal slave trade of the nineteenth century and restored to free status.

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Jaja of Opobo

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A black man that rose from slavery to end up ruling his own trading port in Opobo

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treaty ports

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Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the in these cities, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality.

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Zulu

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A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818. (p. 649)

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sepoy

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A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British.

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Electricity

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A form of energy that was used in telegraphy in 1840s and for lighting in, motors, and railroads in 1880s

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Victorian age

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The term is used to describe late 19th century society with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women for middle and working class people

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Socialism

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A political ideology that originated in Europe in 1830 that advocated government protection of workers from exploitation and government ownership of industries. These political parties started forming in second half of 19 century

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Karl Marx

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German journalist and philosopher known for the manifesto of the communist party and das capital. Combined German philosophy, French revolutionary ideas and British industrial conditions

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Submarine telegraph cables

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Insulated copper cables laid across the bottom of the ocean for communication. The first short cable s laid across the English Channel in 1851. Transatlantic in 1866

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Nationalism

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A political ideology that stresses people's membership to a nation.. Defined by common culture, history and territory. A force of unity in Western Europe that helped lay the foundation or scores of independent countries emerging from colonialism

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Giuseppe garibaldi

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Italian nationalist and revolutionary who conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy in 1860

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Otto van Bismarck

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Prime minister of Prussia until 1871 when he became the chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist who created the German empire in 1871

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Meiji restoration

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The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868. A collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization and imperialism

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Empress dowager cixi

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Empress of china and mother of emperors guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti foreign movements and resisted reforms of the chinese government and armed forces. She opposed foreign intervention and technologies in china.

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Toyoda sakichi

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Founded Toyota motor company in Japan in 1906. Was originally a carpenter.

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Chemicals

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This industry killed the indigo dye industry in India and also revolutionized explosives

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New imperialism

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Historians term for the late 19th century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States and Japan which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories for the benefit of the colonial powers

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Battle of Omdurman

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British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. British general led a mixed force of Egyptians and British armed with rapid fire machine guns and rifles. 11,000 Sudanese died, 48 British died due to better weapon technology

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Scramble for Africa

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Sudden wave of conquests in Africa y European powers in the 1880 and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa other counties (Germany, Belgium, Spain, Italy, Portugal) acquired lesser amounts

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Berlin conference

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Conference that German chancellor Otto vn Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo free state under king Leopoldo the 2nd of Belgium

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Cecil Rhodes

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British entrepreneur and politican involved in the expansion of the British empire fro South Africa into central Africa. The colonies of southern Rhodesia (now Zambia and Zimbabwe) were named after him.

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Emilio aguinaldo

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Leader of the Filipino independence against Spain. He proclaimed the independence in 1899 but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the US army in 1901

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Free trade imperialism

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Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. Characterized the relationship between Latin American countries and the US. The Latin American countries allowed American expansion for trade purposes. America benefitted but the lesser countries did not as much.

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Joseph Stalin

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Bolshevik revolutionary head of the soviets and dictator of the Soviet Union for 25 years. Used a five year plan to increase industrialization and terror to crush opposition

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Kulaks

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Well off peasants in Russia that refused to give up thier property to collectivism. The government responded by killing the kulaks and its property

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Collectivization

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Consolidating small private farms into vast collectives and making the farmers work together in commonly owned fields

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Goolags

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Labor camps in covet russia

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Benito mousolinni

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Fascist dictator of Italy. Led Italy to conquer Ethiopia. Allied Italy with Germany in ww2. Overthrown in 1943 when the allies invaded Italy

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Fascist party

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This political party emphasized aggressive nationalism and glorified warfare which paved the way to a dictatorship in Italy in 1922 to 1943

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The long march

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The 6,000 mile flight of the Chinese communists from southeastern to northwestern china. The communists led by Mao were pursued by the Chinese army. The four thousand survivors of the march formed the nucleus of a revived communist party that became the main Chinese power after ww2

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Margaret Sanger

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One of the most outspoken e insists that pushed for universally available birth control

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Depression

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An event that helped usher in an era of dictatorships with the leaders promising prosperity and economic salvation

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Mao zhedong

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Leade of the Chinese communist party. Led the communists on the long march and rebuilt the party during the Japanese occupation of china. After ww2 he took over leadership of china.

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Aryans

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The group of people in Germany that hitler allowed to live and tried to make all of Germany this race of people

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Gandhi

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Leader of the Indian independence ovement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. Led the Indian national congress. Appealed to the poor and led non violent protests against Britain. Assassinated.

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Emiliano Zapata

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Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican revolution. He mobilized peasants in southern Mexico to seize wealthy lands and divide them up. Was somewhat successful but was then assassinated.

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Lazaro Cardenas

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President of Mexico. He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of lands to peasants and brought workers and farmers into the inner circle of politics

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Juan peron

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President of Argentina that championed the rights of labor. Built up industry in Argentina and became popular with the poor but he harmed the economy.

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Getulio Vargas

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Dictator of brazil. Despite losing the election in 1930 he overthrew the government forcefully and created a new state. A dictatorship that emphasized industrialization and helped the urban poor but did little to help the peasants.

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Salt march

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A civil disobedience act led by Gandhi in which he produced salt without paying taxes to the British government. Most significant organized challenge to British authority

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Satyagraha

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Nonviolent resistance or civil disobedience. A term coined by Gandhi

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Ahimsa

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A Sanskrit term meaning do not harm or injure. Associated with Indian religions such as Jainism

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Portirio Diaz

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Mexican president that served seven terms. Considered to be a dictator but also brought a lot of economic growth and led the country during internal stability. Fell from power during the Mexican revolution

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Nguyen Thai hoc

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Vietnamese leader that founded the Vietnamese nationalist party. Captured and executed by frecnh authorities

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Iron curtain

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Winston Churchill term for the Cold War division between the soviet dominated east and the us dominated west

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Cold War

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Ideological struggle between communism and capitalism for world influence. Came to an end when the soviets dissolved in 1991

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United Nations

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International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations

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Vietnam war

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Conflict pitting north and south veitnam. North was communists guerrillas. The south was aided by the US

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Korean War

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Conflict that began in North Korea invasion of South Korea and came to involve the UN allying with South Korea and china allying with North Korea.

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Nonaligned nations

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Developing countries

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OPEC

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Orgazation formed in 1960 by oil producing states to promote thier collective interest in generating revenue from oil

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Ho Chi Minh

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Communist president of north Vietnam in 1945 that overthrew the French imperialism

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Fulgencio baptiste

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President of Cuba and then eventually became the dictator of Cuba. Used force and murder to institute his policies. Overthrown by Cuban revolution and Che Guevara.

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Bay of pigs

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Failed CIA invasion of Cuba which intended to overthrow Fidel Castro.

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Proxy wars

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During the Cold War local or regional wars In which the superpowers armed trained and financed the combatants

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Dirty war

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War waged by the argentine military against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military

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Salvador Allende

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Socialist politician elected president of chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. Died during the attack

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Asian tigers

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Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore nations that became economic powers in 1970-1980s

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Ayatolla Ruhollah Khomeini

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Shiite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic

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Newly industrialized economies

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Rapidly growing new industrial nations of the late 20th century including the Asian tigers

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Tiananmen Square

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Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. Demonstration was violently crushed.

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Perestroika

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Policy of restructuring that was the centerpiece of gorbachevs effects to liberalize and end communism in the Soviet Union

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Globalization

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The economic political and cultural integration and interaction of all parts of the world brought together by increasing trade travel and technology

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Cultural imperialism

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Dominance of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority. . Entertainment conglomerates flooded the world with western culture and ideals

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Global pop culture

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Popular cultural practices and institutions that have been adopted internationally such as music the Internet television fashion and food

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Global elite culture

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English language, modern science, and higher education. At the beginning of the 21st century the attitudes and outlooks of well educated and prosperous western oriented people around the world largely expressed in European languages especially english

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Demographic transition

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A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transistion both birth rates and death rates are high. Then the death rate drops but the birthdate remains high, causing a population explosion, finally the birthdate drops and the population grows slows down

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Menopause

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A period in which a women's menstruated cycle stops and she isn't able to get pregnant anymore

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Population pyramid

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Shows the distribution of ages in a country using a graph

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Infant mortality

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The death rate of a child less than one year old