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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the boundaries of the pelvic cavity?
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Dorsal - sacrum and 1st few Ca vertebrae
Lateral - ilium, coccygeus m., levator ani m., and middle gluteal m. Cranial - Pelvic inlet Caudal - Pelvic outlet |
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T or F:
The pelvic cavity contains the rectum, urethra, vagina and part of the vestibule, and the prostate |
False!
Unless it's some crazy hermaphrodite! Males have male parts and females have female parts in their respective pelvic cavities (both have rectum and urethra) |
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T or F:
The pelvic cavity is the caudal continuation of the abdominal cavity. |
True!
The pelvic cavity is lined with transversalis fascia and peritoneum just like the abdominal cavity. |
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What are the four caudal peritoneal reflections?
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Pararectal fossa
Rectogenital pouch Vesicogenital pouch Pubovesical pouch |
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What does the prefix "vesico" refer to?
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The urinary bladder
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Identify the peritoneal reflections
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A - Pubovesical pouch
B - Vesicogenital pouch C - Rectogenital pouch D - Pararectal fossa |
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What are the surface boundaries of the pelvic outlet in the dog?
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Dorsal - tail/anus
Ventral - dorsal aspect of vulva/scrotum Lateral - ischiatic tuberosity |
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What are the deep boundaries of the pelvic outlet?
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Dorsal - Ca 3
Ventral - Ischial arch Lateral - Sacrotuberous ligament |
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T or F:
A is female and B is male |
True!
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T or F:
The ischiorectal fossa is a peritoneal reflection that commonly fills with fat in obese animals. |
False, actually!
The ischiorectal fossa isn't a peritoneal reflection but it does fill with fat! |
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What are the boundaries of the ischiorectal fossa?
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Lateral - superficial gluteal m. and sacrotuberous ligament
Medial - coccygeus m. |
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What vessels and nerves are found within the ischiorectal fossa?
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Caudal gluteal vessels
Internal pudendal vessels Pudendal n. |
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What is formed by the levator ani and coccygeus mm.? What is the function of this structure?
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Pelvic diaphragm
NOT a contraceptive; this aids in expelling pelvic contents (feces, fetuses, or whatever is up there). It also holds viscera in place and depresses the tail |
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Rekonize n' identifizzle!
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A - coccygeus m.
B - levator ani m. |
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What is the caudal extent of levator ani and coccygeus mm.?
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Levator ani m. - Ca3-Ca7
Coccygeus m. - Ca2-Ca4/5 |
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Identify the pelvic nerves
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A - Hypogastric nn.
B - Pelvic nn. C - Pudendal n. D - Pelvic plexus |
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T or F:
The hypogastric nn. carry postganglionic sympathetic fibers from the mesenteric ganglion. |
True! The mesenteric ganglion is the last place that sympathetic neurons can synapse.
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Which nerves form the pelvic n.?
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Ventral brs. of S1, S2, and S3
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T or F:
The pelvic nerve contains preganglionic parasympathetic fibers. |
True!
Parasympathetic are long pre-ganglionic and short post-ganglionic |
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What is the origin of the pudendal n.? What does it innervate?
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Origin - ventral brs. of S1, S2, and S3
Innervation - sensory to rectum, reproductive organs, perineal skin Motor to perineal mm. |
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What are the branches of the pudendal n.?
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Superficial perineal n.
Deep perineal n. Caudal rectal n. Dorsal n. of penis/clitoris (pudendal continuation) |
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Identify
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A - Internal iliac a.
B - Caudal gluteal a. C - Internal pudendal a. D - Umbilical a. E - Cranial vesical a. |
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What are the main branches of the pudendal a. in the female? In the male?
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Vaginal/Prostatic a.
Ventral perineal a. Artery of the clitoris/penis |
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T or F:
Both the uterine a. and the middle rectal a. arise from the vaginal a. |
True!
The artery of the ductus deferens is the analogue in the male, arising from the prostatic a. |
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What provides the main blood supply to the uterus?
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Um. The uterine a.!
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What provides blood to the urinary bladder?
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Caudal vesical a.
Cranial vesical a. (if umbilical a. is present) |
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What structures does the vaginal a. provide blood to?
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Vagina
Uterus (horns/body/cervix) Urinary bladder Urethra Ureter Rectum |
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To which structures does the prostate a. provide blood?
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Prostate
Ductus deferens Epididymis Urinary bladder Urethra (pelvic) Ureter Rectum |
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What are the three regions of the urinary bladder?
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Apex
Body Neck |
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Which structures form the trigone? On what side of the bladder is it located?
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Urethral orifices
Entrance to the urethra Dorsally located |
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T or F:
The urethra is completely surrounded by skeletal muscle in females. |
True!
The female urethra is completely surrounded by skeletal muscle. However, only the pelvic region of the male urethra is; the urethra in the penis has no muscle. |
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What muscle surrounds the urinary bladder? How many layers?
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Smooth muscle
3 layers |
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What innervates the Urethralis m.?
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Pudendal n.
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What innervates the urinary bladder?
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Hypogastric n., pelvic n., pudendal n.
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T or F
The urinary bladder receives sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory innervation. |
True!
Like most viscera, the urinary bladder has innervation from these three nerve types. |
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Which nerves share an origin of spinal nerves S1 to S3?
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Pelvic and pudendal nn.
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What is the main blood supply to the urinary bladder?
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Caudal vesical a. (branch of prostatic/vaginal)
Cranial vesical a. (branch of umbilical) can also play a part |
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What are the two portions of the urethra in males?
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Pelvic (has urethral m.)
Penile (spongy; no muscle) |
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What are the four accessory sex glands?
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Prostate
Ampullary Bulbourethral Vesicular glands |
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What structure prevents urine from entering the urethra during copulation?
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Colliculus seminalis
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How many openings are there from the prostate into the urethra?
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shit-tons
This is why prostate removal is hard! |
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What are functions of sex gland secretions?
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Adds volume to ejaculate
Provides vehicle for sperm Sperm food Buffer that neutralizes the high urine pH and low pH from sperm metabolism Prostaglandans cause female smooth muscle contraction |
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T or F:
A dog has a long pre-prostatic urethra while a cat has a short pre-prostatic urethra |
False!
It's the opposite - dogs are short and cats are long |
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What surgery is commonly done to prevent urinary blockage in male cats and what sex gland is a landmark for this?
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PU (Perineal urethrostomy)
Bulbourethral glands are the landmark |
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What are the borders of the rectum?
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Begins at pelvic inlet and ends at Ca2-Ca3 vertebrae
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What are the three regions of the anal canal? Which region do the anal sacs open into?
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Columnar zone
Intermediate zone Cutaneous zone - anal sacs open into here |
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T or F:
Anal sacs and anal glands are synonymous. |
FALSE and don't you forget it!
Anal glands are within the anal sacs. |
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Identify:
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A - Internal anal sphincter
B - Anal Sac C - External anal sphincter D - Levator ani m. E - Coccygeus m. F - Pararectal fossa |
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T or F:
The striated muscle of the external anal sphincter is innervated by branches of the pudendal nerve. |
True!
The caudal rectal n. branches off the pudendal n. to innervate the external anal sphincter |
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T or F:
The rectocyccygeus m. is skeletal muscle continuous with the external anal sphincter. |
False!
It is smooth muscle continuous with the rectum. |
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T or F:
Lymph from abdominal organs drains into the cisterna chyli before entering the thoracic duct and continuing cranially. |
True!
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What pelvic structures drain into the iliosacral lymphocenter?
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colon, rectum, anus, vagina, vulva, testis, epididymis, spermatic cord, vaginal process, prostate, ureter, bladder, superficial inguinal, left colic, sacral, and hypogastric lnn
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