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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the functions of the skeleton? |
- Supporting framework for the body - Provides attachment points for muscles - Creates a lever system that enables body movement - Protection of vital organs - Mineral Storage (Calcium & Phosphorus)
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What are the major building block of bone? |
- Calcium Carbonate - Calcium Phosphate - Collagen Fibers - Water |
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What is collagen? |
A protein that is the main organic constituent of connective ticket |
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What are osteocytes? |
Widely separated cells surrounded by matrix that make up bone tissue |
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What is the composition of matrix? |
25% PROTEIN, 25% WATER, 50% MINERAL SALTS |
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Where does longitudinal growth of a bone occur? |
A layer of cartilage called the epiphyseal plate |
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Describe the difference in bone between physically active individuals and sedentary individuals |
Active individuals will have denser bones |
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What are the 4 types of bones? |
Long Bones Short Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones |
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What are the functions of the vertebral column? |
- Provide flexible support for the trunk - Protects the Spinal Cord |
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How many bones are in the body? |
206 |
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Describe the structure of the vertebral column |
33 Vertebrae 26 Distinct Bones 5 Segments: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal |
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How many CERVICAL vertebrae are there? |
7 |
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How many THORACIC vertebrae are there? |
12 |
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How many LUMBAR vertebrae are there? |
5 |
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How many SACRAL vertebrae are there? |
5 |
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How many COCCYGEAL vertebrae are there? |
4 |
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What are the functions of spinal discs? |
- Allow slight movement to facilitate flexibility - Act as shock absorbers |
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What makes up synovial joints in the spine? |
Processes on the neural arches |
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What makes up cartilaginous joints in the spine? |
Spinal discs |
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What are the three abnormal curves of the spine? |
- Scoliosis - Kyphosis - Lordosis |
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What is Scoliosis? |
An abnormal lateral curve of the vertebral column |
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What is Kyphosis? |
An exaggerated posterior thoracic curve "Hump Back" |
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What is Lordosis? |
An exaggerated anterior lumbar curve "Sway Back" |
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What are the three types of joints? |
Fibrous joint - immovable Cartilaginous joint - slightly moveable Synovial Joint - Freely movable |
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What are the functions of synovial fluid? |
- Lubricates joint surfaces so they slide easily during movement - Supplies nutrients and removes waste from cartilage cells which have no blood supply |
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What is a ligament? |
Fibrous connective tissue that connects bones together |
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What is a tendon? |
Fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone |
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What is a Bursa? |
A small sac or cavity filled with synovial fluid and located at friction points (joints, between tendon and bone) |
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What are the three planes of the body? |
Frontal Saggital Transverse |
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Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions? (Front and Back) |
Frontal |
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Which plane divides the body into right and left sides? |
Saggital |
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Which plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions? (Top & Bottom) |
Transverse |
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What are the joint movements? |
- Flexion, Extension - Abduction, Adduction - Rotation (Inward & Outward) - Supination, Protonation - Elevation, Depression - Plantar Flexion, Dorsiflexion |
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What are some common joint disorders? |
- Sprain - Dislocation - Subluxation - Bursitis - Arthritis |
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What are the structural limits to flexibility? |
- Bony structure of the joint - Ligaments - Joint Capsules - Muscle-Tendon Unit |
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What are the primary determinants of body appearance? |
- The skeleton - Muscle - Fat |
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What is a somatotype? |
A quantitative description of the present structure of the body |
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Who developed the somatotype? |
W.H. Sheldon |
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How many basic somatotypes did Sheldon identify? |
88 - 27 of which accounted for 83% of the male population |
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How does the female physique differ from the male physique? |
It is more endomorphic and less mesomorphic |
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What are the most widely used methods of determining somatotype? |
Sheldon and Heath-Carter |
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What is the difference between Sheldon and Heath-Carter somatotyping? |
Sheldon is on a scale of 0-7 Heath-Carter is on a scale of 0-12 |
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What are the heritabilities for mesomorphy, endomorphy and ectomorphy? |
Endo: 28% Meso: 85% Ecto: 65% |
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What is Anthropometry? |
Measurement of body size and proportions |
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What measurements are included in anthropometry? |
Skinfold thicknesses, circumferences, bone widths and lengths, height, and body weight |
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Describe the two component model of body composition |
Takes into account fat and fat free mass |
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What is fat free mass composed of? |
Bone, muscle, vital organs, and connective tissue |
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Describe the four-component model of body composition |
Considers fat, protein, mineral and water |
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What is essential fat? |
Fat that is required for normal physiological functioning: structural components of cell membranes, synthesis of certain hormones, transport of fat-soluble vitamins |
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What is storage fat? |
Fat that is stored in adipose tissue for energy supply. It is located underneath the skin, in the abdominal cavity, and around certain organs |
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What are the differences between male and female body composition? |
Males are taller, heavier, have larger muscle mass, and a lower total body fat content |
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How much essential fat should a female have? |
12% |
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How much essential fat should a male have? |
3% |
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What is the average amount of storage fat for males and females aged 20-24? |
Female: 15% Male: 12% |
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Describe Male type (android) obesity |
Excess fat is deposited on the upper torso and around the abdomen: Apple Shape |
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Describe female (gynoid) obesity |
Excess fat is deposited below the waist in the thighs, hips, and buttocks: Pear Shape |
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How does female obesity change after menopause? |
Women will begin depositing more fat in the abdominal area |
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How many preventable deaths does obesity cause annually? |
~330,000 |
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How much of a decrease in life expectancy can those with a BMI of 30 or higher expect? |
7 years |
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How high is the risk of obese children becoming obese adults? |
55% (10 times that of children of normal weight) |
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How much more does an obese child cost the health care system as opposed to a non-obese child? |
3 times more |
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What is a direct method of assessing body composition? |
Chemical analysis of human cadavers |
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What is an indirect method of assessing body composition |
Non-invasive techniques used on living humans (e.g. underwater weighing, BMI, Waist Circumference, Skinfold measurements) |
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What are 3 criticisms of height/weight tables? |
- These tables do not consider body composition - Most data comes from white, middle-class, US adults aged 25-59 years. This is not a representative sample of the North American population - No acceptable method has been devised for determining frame size |
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What is the formula for density? |
Density = mass/volume |
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What are methods of finding body volume? |
Underwater Weighing Air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD): uses air instead of water |
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What two assumptions do these methods make? |
1. The body has two compartments: fat and nonfat 2. Each of these compartments has densities which are known constants |
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What is the density of fat? |
0.90 g/ml |
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What is the density of nonfat? |
1.10 g/ml |
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What is the gold standard for validating skinfold caliper formulae? |
Hydrostatic weighing |
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Why is a nonfat density of 1.10 g/ml not universally acceptable? |
Cadaver studies found that the density of nonfat compartments varies as a function of age, sex, and racial group |
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Which model of body composition assessment is preferred? Four Component or Two Component? |
Four Component Model |
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How is Body Mass Index (BMI) Calculated? |
body mass (kg)/height (m)^2 |
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What is the BMI calculation for adults (20-70 yrs)? |
<18.5 = Underweight 25-29.9 = Overweight > 30 = Obese |
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How is BMI classified in children? (2-19) |
BMI between the 5th and 84th percentile is healthy BMI between 85th and 94th percentile is overweight BMI greater than the 95th percentile is obese |
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What method is better than BMI for predicting obesity-related health risks? |
Waist Circumference and/or Waist to Hip ratio |
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Where do North American agencies recommend taking waist circumference measurements? |
At the iliac crest |
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What are the assumptions when using skinfold measurements? |
1) Constant densities in a two-compartment model 2) proper identification of measurement site and proper measurement technique 3) Constant compressibility of the skinfold? 4) Fixed adipose tissue patterning 5) Fixed proportion of internal to external fat |
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What are the two types of body composition prediction equations? |
1. Population specific (eg Yuhasz): small, homogenous sample 2. Generalized (eg Jackson and Pollack, Durnin and Womersly, Peterson, Wang): large, heterogeneous sample |
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Where is electrical impedance greater? |
In adipose tissue |
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What is the water content of adipose tissue? |
14-22% |
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What is the water content of muscle and bone? |
71-75% |
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What does a high Bioelectrical Impedance reading mean? |
More fat content |
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What changes to body composition are associated with aging? |
- increased fat mass - decreased muscle mass (sarcopenia) - decreased bone mass |
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What are the 5 components of health related physical fitness? |
- Cardio-respiratory endurance - Strength - Muscular Endurance - Flexibility - Body Composition |
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What are the 6 characteristics of a good physical fitness test? |
1. Validity 2. Reliability 3. Objectivity 4. Accuracy 5. Norms 6. Economy |
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What is a valid test? |
- a test that effectively measures what it is supposed to.
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How is validity tested? |
Comparing the test results to a criterion measure or reference standard. If there is a high relationship, the test is valid. |
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What is a reliable test? |
A test with results that are consistent and reproducible |
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What is an objective test? |
A test where multiple testers agree on the scoring of the test |
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How can one optimize objectivity? |
- Use trained testers - Use a predetermined scoring system - If possible, one designated tester |
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What is an accurate test? |
A test with results close to the "true" value |
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What are norms? |
Norms allow a relative rating or classification of the subjects performance. They describe a person's position in a population. |
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What questions should be asked when assessing norms? |
- Were the sampling procedures for the construction of the norms based on a wide distribution of the population? - Was a large sample size used to construct the norms? - Are the norms being used for the specific groups for which they were prepared? |
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What is an economic test? |
A test that requires relatively little money and time, but still achieves valid, reliable, acccurate results |
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Which tests are more economic, field tests or laboratory tests? Why? |
Field tests, because they require no expensive equipment and little to no specialized training. They can be administered to a group of individuals at the same time. Less precise than lab tests. |
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What are the criteria used to name muscles? |
- Shape - Action - Location - Divisions - Size relationships - Direction of fibers |
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What are the 4 shape names? |
- Deltoid (Triangle) - Trapezius - Rhomboid - Latissimus (Wide) |
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What terms are used to describe actions of muscles? |
- Flexor - Extensor - Adductor - Abductor |
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What are some muscles that are named after their location? |
- Tibialis Anterior - Intercostals - Pectoralis Major |
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What are some muscles that are named after divisions? |
- Triceps brachii - Quadriceps femoris |
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What does the word "brevis" describe? |
A short muscle |
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What does the word "longus" describe? |
A long muscle |
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What does the word "transversus" describe? |
A muscle where the fibers run across it. |
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What does the word "rectus" describe? |
A muscle where the fibers run straight along it |
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What does "Unipennate" describe? |
All fasciculi insert on one side of a tendon (semimembranosus) |
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What does "Bipennate" describe? |
Fasciculi insert on both sides of tendon (rectus femoris) |
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What does "Multipennate" describe? |
The convergence of several tendons (deltoid) |
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What is a longitudinal (strap) muscle? |
A muscle where the fasciculi run parallel to the long axis of the muscle (greater range of motion, less strength) (sartorius, rectus abdominus) |
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What does the word "radiate" describe? |
Fibers fan out from a single attachment (pectoralis major) |
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What is a prime mover? |
A muscle whose contraction is primarily responsible for a particular movement |
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What is an antagonist? |
Muscles that oppose one another upon contraction. These muscles are located on opposite sides of a joint. (e.g. biceps and triceps) |
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What are Fixators and Stabilizers? |
Muscles that immobilize a bone or joint near the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently |
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What are tendons? |
Extensions of connective tissue membranes beyond the end of the muscle, which connect muscle to bone |
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What is the origin of a muscle? |
The less movable end of a muscle, usually proximal |
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What is the insertion of a muscle? |
The more movable end of a muscle, usually distal |
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What is the belly of a muscle? |
The widest portion of a muscle, between origin and insertion |
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Do all muscles insert on bone? |
No. Most muscles controlling facial expression originate from bone and insert in the skin |
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What are the three layers of connective tissue? |
- Endomysium (surrounding muscle fibers) - Perimysium (bundles of muscle fibers) - Epimysium (whole muscle) |
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Which is stronger, muscle or tendon? |
Tendon |
