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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The femur (thighbone) is an irregular bone.
T/F |
False
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The expanded head at each end of a long bone is called
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an epiphysies
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When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________.
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When osteoblasts become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called osteocytes
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Chondrocytes multiply in this zone of the metaphysis.
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zone of proliferation
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Osteogenic cells are bone stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts and osteoclasts
T/F |
False
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The _____________ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage.
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metaphysis
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Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________.
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estrogen; osteoclast activity
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A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a __________ fracture.
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comminuted
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A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are
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articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
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____________ provide(s) hardness to bones, whereas ____________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility.
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Hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins
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Osteoporosis often leads to an exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature called kyphosis.
T/F |
T
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A bone is covered externally with a sheath called ______________, whereas the internal surface is lined with _____________.
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periosteum; endosteum
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What would you find in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus (arm bone)?
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Yellow marrow
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Hypercalcemia is rare but hypocalcemia can result from a wide variety of causes.
T/F |
T
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If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect
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an elevated level of osteoblast activity.
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Calcitonin is secreted by the _____ _____ when _______ concentration is too high
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thyroid gland; calcium
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What is articular cartilage and where is it found?
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Hyaline cartilage over ends for lubrication
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Where is endosteum found?
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Lines internal surface
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What is the periosteum?
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Layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the bone
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____________ does not put women at risk of hypocalcemia.
Lack of exposure to UV radiation Removal of the thyroid gland Removal of the parathyroid glands Pregnancy Lactation |
Removal of the thyroid gland
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In this fracture, bone protrudes from skin
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Open, compound, displaced
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Skin is not broken in the type of fracture
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closed, simple fracture
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In this fracture, the bone is broken in two or more places
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in a complete fracture
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This fracture is a fine crack
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hairline fracture
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With this fracture the bone broken in 3 or more pieces
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Communited fracture
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What is a greenstick fracture
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one side bent, incomplete fracture on other
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Linear Vs Transverse Fracture
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Linear
parallel along the long axis of the bone Transverse perpendicular to long axis of bone |
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What is an oblique fracture?
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diagonal (between linear & transverse)
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Spiral fracture is a
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result of a twisting stress
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Osteomalacia results in bone brittleness.
T/F |
False
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The result of calcium and phosphate levels in blood too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called ___________ in children and ___________ in adults.
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rickets; osteomalacia
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____________ is synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, and is important to the deposition of bone.
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Calcitriol
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Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called ________, whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called _________.
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Soft callus; hard callus
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How long is normal healing of fractures?
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8-12 wks
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List the stages of healing
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Fracture hematoma
Granulation Tissue Callus Formation Remodeling |
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During the granulations tissue stage of healing, which occurs after fracture hematoma, what happens?
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Fibrous tissue is formed by fibroblasts and infiltrated by capillaries
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________ deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture while ossification occurs
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Osteoblasts
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Bone elongation is a result of
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cartilage growth.
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Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to _____________.
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parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity
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Arteriosclerosis is one example of ectopic ossification, which means
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abnormal calcification
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_____________ is the process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream.
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Resorption
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These are all tissues that make up a long bone except
cartilage. nervous tissue. transitional epithelium. osseous tissue. adipose tissue. |
Transitional epithelium
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The skeleton does not
provide support for most muscles. store red blood cells. protect the spinal cord. protect the brain. store calcium and phosphate ions. |
Store red blood cells
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Osseous tissue is a(an) ____________ tissue.
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connective tissue
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) binds to receptors on osteoblasts.
T/F |
True
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A pathologic fracture
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is a break in a bone weakened by some other disease.
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_____ is a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone
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stress
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Spicules and trabeculae are found in
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spongy bone
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Spongelike appearance formed by rods and plates of bone called
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trabeculae
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Trabeculae have few
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osteons or haversian canals
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cylinders of tissue formed from layers of matrix concentrically arranged around a blood vessel
are called |
Osteons or haversian systems
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Hypercalcemia causes
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depression of the nervous system, muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes and cardiac arrest
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Which bone cells would have the greatest number of lysosomes?
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Osteoclasts
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The sternum is a _______ bone
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Flat bone
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The os coxae is a _______ bone
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flat
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The rib is a _______ bone
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Flat
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The metacarpals and phalanges are examples of
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long bones
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The wrist is a _______ bone
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short
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The ankle is a _______ bone
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short
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The sphenoid is a _______ bone
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irregular
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The vertebrae is a _______ bone
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irregular
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This lines the shaft, and contains cells providing bone resorption & deposition
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endosteum
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Another name for shaft
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diaphysis
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The enlarged ends of bones are also called
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epiphyses
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Osteogenic cells reside in _________ or _________
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endosteum; periosteum
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These cells multiply continuously and differentiate into osteoblasts
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osteogenic cells
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_________ are osteoblasts that have become trapped
reside in lacunea by are connected to each other via canaluculi signal osteoclasts & osteoblasts about mechanical stresses |
Osteocytes
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Bone-dissolving cells
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Osteoclasts
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Osteoclasts reside in pits callled __________ ______ that they have eaten into the surface of the bone
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resorption bays
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A lack of collagen in bones is a disease called
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osteogenesis imperfecta
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Loss of collagen and minerals
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Osteoporosis
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Cancer of cartilage
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chondrosarcoma
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Softness of the bone
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Osteomalacia
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Insufficient sunlight or vitamin D
Dietary deficiency in calcium or phosphate liver or kidney disease In children is called ____________ or in adults is called __________ |
Rickets; osteomalacia
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mesh of reticular fibers and immature cells
hemopoietic means produces blood cells in adults found in axial skeleton & girdles |
Red marrow
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Fatty marrow of long bones in adults
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Yellow marrow
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yellow marrow replaced with reddish jelly
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Gelatinous marrow
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During this zone of metaphysis, chondrocytes multiply forming columns of flat lacunae
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zone of cell proliferation
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During this zone of metaphysis, chondrocytes push other cells closer to the ends
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zone of hypertrophy
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During this zone of metaphysis, shows mineralization between columns of lacunae
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zone of calcification
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During this zone of metaphysis, chondrocytes die and each channel is filled with osteoblasts and blood vessels to form a haversian canal & osteon
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Zone of bone deposition
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Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called ________, whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called _________.
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soft callus; hard callus
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The _____________ is a marginal zone of the epiphyseal plate where, in children and adolescents, bone can be seen replacing the hyaline cartilage.
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metaphysis
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Bone elongation is a result of
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cartilage growth
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Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________.
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estrogen; osteoclast activity
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Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the
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epiphyseal plate
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If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect
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an elevated level of osteoblast activity.
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When ____________ become enclosed in lacunae, they become cells called _____________.
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osteoblasts; osteocytes
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Interstitial growth -
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bones increase in length at epiphyseal plate
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Apositional growth
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bones increase in width (mature bone only)
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Hypocalcemia is characterized by
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muscle spasms or tremors
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Osteocytes contact each other through channels in the bone matrix called
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canaliculi
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Where are blood vessels and nerves found?
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central canal
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The basic structural unit of compact bone is termed ________________.
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osteon
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In which of the histological zones of a developing long bone would you find osteoclasts?
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Zone of deposition
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Which of the following is a mature bone cell that appears to be responsible for the overall supervision of bone maintenance?
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Osteocytes
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