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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Duration of puberty |
Begins when secondary sex characteristics appear (pubic hair, breast development) Ends- mature sperm development (males) Regular menstrual cycles (female) |
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3 functions of vagina |
Birth Drainage for menstrual fluid Passageway for sperm |
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3 parts of uterus |
Fundus Corpus (body) Cervix
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Functions of fallopian tubes |
Transport egg to uterus. Passageway for sperm. Site of fertilisation. A nourishing environment for ovum of zygote. Transport zygote to uterus. |
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Function of overies |
Produce oestrogen & progesterone
Produce oocytes- immature ovum of egg
Stimulate ovums maturation during menstrual cycle |
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What are the reproductive cycles? |
28 days full cycle -production of ova -changes to uterus -production of hormones Ovarian and uterine cycle work together to produce changes. |
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What happens during ovarian cycles |
Oogenesis (ovum production) Follicular development 2 stages- pre & post ovulation stage |
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What happens during pre-ovulatory phase |
Several follicles develop. Dominant follicle continues to grow and mature, oocyte is nourished. Just before ovulation follicle ruptures and ovum is released into fallopian. |
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What happens during post-ovulatory phase |
Remaining follicle cells form corpus luteum.
Corpus luteum secretes hormones for 10 days to prepare endomertrium for fertilized ovum. |
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What happens during uterine cycle |
Monthly series of changes in structure of endometrium. Uterus is being prepared to received fertilised egg. Starts during puberty stops permanently at menopause. |
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Phases of uterine cycle |
Menstrual Proliferative Secretory |
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What happens during menstrual phase |
Endometrial lining of uterus is shed. Bleeding and removal of dead tissue for 3-5 days |
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What happens during proliferative phase |
increased oestrogen levels= endometrium to regenerate and thicken.
Endometrial blood supply increases.
Ovulation occurs in the ovary at end of this phase due to sudden increase in lutenising hormone. |
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What happens during secretory phase |
Increased endometrial blood supply. secrete nutrients into uterine cavity. If no fertilization occurs corpus luteum disintegrates and functional layer of endometrium spasms and is shed at end of phases. |
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What does follicle stimulating hormone do |
FSH Stimulates growth and maturation of follicles in ovary. Stimulates production of oestrogen in ovaries. |
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What does oestrogen do |
Stimulates growth of egg within the follicle.
Stimulates production and release of LH and FSH from anterior pituitary gland. |
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What does lutenising hormone do |
Triggers ovulation |
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What does progesterone do |
Prepares the uterine lining for a fertilised ovum. Prevents the release of any further eggs if pregnancy occurs until pregnancy is terminated. |
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What does human chorionic gonadotropin do |
embryo and placenta produce HCG
Prevents disintegration of the corpus luteum.
Maintains progesterone production. |
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What is human development? |
Study of lifespan development looking at patterns of change in individuals and groups during life. |
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What is physical, psychosocial, and cognitive development? |
Physical- height, weight, brain development, motor skills Psychosocial- social, emotional, personality Cognitive- thinking, learning, understanding, remembering, communication, problem solving. |
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Why do nurses need to know development theories? |
Helps understand response of clients. |
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Five stages of psychosexual development: |
Oral (birth- 1.5 yrs) anal (1.5-3 yrs) phallic (3-6 yrs) latency (6yrs- puberty) genital (puberty onwards). |
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Freud's personality structure |
ID- original set of instincts and drive of the infant-unconscious thoughts. Ego- emergesduring childhood. Starts to reason and make decisions that are socially acceptable Superego- developes conscience. Able to decide right and wrong. |
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Erickson's 8 life span stages |
Trust VS Mistrust. Autonomy VS Shame and Doubt. Initiative VS Guilt. Industry VS Inferiority. Identity VS Confusion. Intimacy VS isolation. Generativity VS stagnation Integrity VS Despair. |
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Piaget's four stages of cognitive development |
Sensorimotor: Birth to ages 18-24 months. Preoperational: Toddlerhood (18-24 months) through early childhood (age 7). Concrete operational: Ages 7 to 11 years. Formal operational: Adolescence to adulthood. |
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Vygotsky's theories |
Social interaction and culture guide cognitive development Learning is based on inventions of society |
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Behaviourist learning theory |
Development and learning occurs through specific response to stimuli in environment (conditioning) Negative and positive reinforcement
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Social cognitive theory |
Bandura Development and learning occurs through watching others- modelling |
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Nature VS nurture theory |
Nature: influence of genes on a person inherited from parents on person's development. Nurture: environmental influence on person's development. |
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What is stability and change theory |
experiences influence our development
OR
that later experiences can produce change in our development |
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Types of gene disorders |
Single gene, chromosomal disorder, multifactorial |
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Trimester of pregnancy |
40 week's duration divided into 3 stages First trimester- 0-13 weeks Second trimester- 14-26 weeks Third trimester- 27-40 weeks
Temporary but normal process |
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3 stages of pregnancy |
Pre-natal Intra partum Post partum |
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Presumptive signs of pregnancy |
Amenorrhoea (no period) Nausea and vomiting Excessive tiredness and fatigue Tender beasts and size changes Urinary frequency- uterus pressing in bladder Pigmentation changes |
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Probable sign of pregnancy |
Pregnancy test- tests for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 99% effective Best done in day period is due |
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Probable sign of pregnancy |
Pregnancy test- tests for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 99% effective Best done in day period is due |
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Positive signs of pregnancy |
Foetal heartbeat- heard at 10 weeks Foetal movements felt by examiner Visualisation of foetus with ultrasound (4-5weeks gestation 100% reliability) |
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Goals of parental care |
-Ensure safe birth for mother and child -Educate mother in self care for pregnancy -provide care for the mother during pregnancy -prepare parents for responsibilities for parenthood |
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Gravida |
Number of pregnancies, regardless of duration E.g. has been pregnant 3 times= gravida 3 |
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Nulligravida |
Women who has never been pregnant |
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Primigravida |
Women who is pregnant for the first time |
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Primigravida |
Women who is pregnant for the first time |
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Multigravida |
Multiple pregnancies, 2 or more |
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Para |
Number of births that have reached the age of viability (20 weeks gestation). Regardless of whether child is alive at birth or not. |
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Primipara |
Woman given birth to her first child (past point of viability) |
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Multipara |
Woman who has given birth to two or more children |
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Abortion |
Termination of pregnancy before viability either spontaneous or induced. |
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What is contraception |
Thing that prevents a woman for getting pregnant. 3 general methods 1-prevents sperm from contact with the egg 2- prevents ovaries from releasing egg 3- permanent |
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Things to consider before using contraception |
Health/condition of health and family history Frequency of sexual activity Number of sexual partners Planning to have children |
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Function of testes |
Responsible for secretion of testosterone
Temperature control important |
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What is the duct system in the male reproductive system Function |
Function- storage, development and movement of sperm
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Accessory glands and semen of male reproductive system |
Prostate gland- secretes milky fluid to activate sperm.
Seminal vesicles- joined by duct to ductus deferens. Prostate gland- secretes milky fluid to activate sperm. Bulbourethral glands (cowper's)- mucous to cleanse and lubricate. Semen- milky white sticky mixture of sperm and secretions. Bulbourethral glands (cowper's)- mucous to cleanse and lubricate. Semen- milky white sticky mixture of sperm and secretions.
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Function of penis |
-External genital organ through which the urethra passes -Structurally compare of a shaft that ends in a tip called the glans - loose skin covers glans -composed of 2 types of erectile tissue: corpora casernosa & corpus spongiosum |
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Effects of testosterone |
Stimulates, spermatigenesis, maturation of spermatozoa, sex drive, metabolism. |
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What is spermatigenesis |
Generation of sperm and spermatozoa.
Requires follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinising hormone (LH) and testosterone. |
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Health promotion for men |
Prostate cancer 1 in 13 men get it, rarely occurs before 55 years old, more common in over 65s. Prostate cancer is usually slow growing. Test using PSA and DRE. Testicular cancer occurs at younger age. Send examination is important. |
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What is the Apgar scoring system |
Evaluation tool to access the health of New norms at 1min-5min. |
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What are the indicators and scoring of apgar? |
Activity Pulse Grimace Appearance Respiration
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Refelxs baby has at birth |
Present from birth disappear over time.
Tonic neck- turn infant's head to one side and arms and legs on that side will extend and other leg and arm with flex. (birth-5-7 months).
Moro- loud noises will cause baby to symmetrically extend and abduct arms in embrace-like motion. (birth-3-6 months)
Rooting- infant's head turns in direction of anything that touches its cheek to look for food. (birth-3-4 months)
Sucking- infant will suck on finger or nipple placed in mouth (birth-7-12 months)
Stepping- infant will lift foot up to step of heels over a surface (birth-4-5 months) Walking
Babinski- stroke baby's foot and toes will flare out. (birth- some time before baby starts walking)
Grasp- place object in infant's hand and they will grasp it tightly. (birth-4 months) |
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What are fontanelles |
Soft parts of baby's head, anterior and posterior. |
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What is moulding in newborns. |
Cone shaped baby's head, caused by birth canal and suction. |
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Newborn senses |
Hearing - can hear noises and recognise mother's voice Sight- can fixate on shapes Smell- recognise mother's smell Taste - can taste sweet and sour Pain - can feel pain. HR and RR increase when pain is felt. |
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Infant's basic needs |
Sleep and warmth |
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What is long acting reversible contraception (LARC) |
Lasts for long time Doesn't need to be taken everyday or every month
These provided no protection against STIs
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What is "the pill" |
Combined oral contraceptive pill containing oestrogen and progesterone, stops eggs from developing
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What is the depo provera injection |
Injection containing progesterone. Given every 12 weeks by nurse Stops ovaries from releasing an egg
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What is a vaginal ring? |
Hormonal contraceptive containing progesterone and oestrogen. Preventing ovaries from releasing egg. Inserted into vaginas for 3-4 weeks and removed while woman is on her period.
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What is a Intra uterine device (IUD) |
IUD, IUCD, coils, loops More than 99% effective Prevents sperm reaching egg Makes it hard for egg to implant into lining of womb. Doesn't interfere with sexual intercourse Some IUDs release progesterone, makes menstrual bleeding lighter, can stop it altogether. 1% risk of pelvic infection Copper (fully subsides), mirena ($300) |
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What is the contraceptive Implant |
Small rod, size of a matchstick put under skin of arm. Slow release of progesterone, stops egg release each month and thickens cervical mucus. Lasts 3-5 years 99%effective against pregnancy No protection against STIs |
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Barrier methods |
Male condom- 98% effective against pregnancy, protects against STIs
Female condom- inserted into vagina before sexual intercourse, can protect against STIs 5-15% chance of pregnancy.
Diaphragm- rubber dome fitted into vagina, covering opening of uterus. Should be used with spermicide or jelly and left inside 6 hours after intercourse. Can provide some protection against STIs. Risk of UTI. 4-20% chance of pregnancy. |
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What is fertility awareness/natural contraception |
Work out safer times to have sex by learning the woman's cycle. Take daily temperature and check cervical mucous.
Following ovulation temperature rises due to progesterone. Cervical mucous is usually wet, clear, and stretchy during the most fertile period due to oestrogen. Other signs- abdominal pain, small amount of blood in mucous.
98% effective for couples who can recognise body changes. Not effective against STIs |
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What is emergency contraception (ECP) |
Used after intercourse
Prevents pregnancy following unprotected sex or method used has failed.
Orally given, up to 72 hours following unprotected sex. May stop/delay release of egg. If vomit within 3hrs of taking pill, take new one. 97-99% effective.
IUD-inserted within 5 days of egg being fertilised stopping egg from attaching Rob the uterus 100% effective
No protection against STIs |
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Permanent contraception |
Involves surgery
Permanently prevents pregnancy
Men- vasectomy, failure rate 1 in 1000
Women- tubal ligation, failure rate 1 in 200 |
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Fertilisation |
Occurs in outer 3rd of fillopian tube. Sperm and ova unite 23 chromosomes in each-1 sex chromosome. Ovum gives X Sperm gives with X or Y Fertilised egg called a zygote |
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What's the germinal period |
First two weeks after contraception. Zygote-morula-blastocyst |
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What is the embryonic period |
Lasts from 2-8 weeks after contraception
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Functions of placenta |
Respiration Nutrition Excretion Producing hormones |
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Placental hormones |
Hormones produced by placenta are- Progesterone- helps maintain uterin lining, helps uterin contractions, prepares breasts for lactation.
Oestrogen- stimulates uterin growth, increased blood flow to uterin muscles.
Human chorionic gonadatrophin- tells corpus lutium pregnancy has occurred
Human placental lactogen- producing glucose
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What is the amniotic sac |
Two membranes- Amnion and chorion- allows for symmetrical and umbilical cord growth. Amniotic fluid- allows embryo and baby to float freely. Helps maintain temperature. Belts baby to not stick to amniotic sac. Allows for movement of baby. Protects baby. |
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Function of umbilical |
About 55cm long cord is coiled up.
Two arteries carry blood away from foetus.
One vein returns blood to foetus
Exchange takes place in layer of placenta separating foetus and mother. Inerbius space. |
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What is a normal birth |
Foetus, placenta, membranes are expelled from uterine cavity. Onset is spontaneous Should occur at term The release of oxytocin and prostaglandins initiate contractions of labour. |
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Signs of impending labour |
Braxton Hicks contractions
Lightening occurs
Ripening of cervix
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Signs of true labour |
Show, or bloody show. (expulsion of mucous plug) Uterine contractions |
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When should a woman contact her LMC |
Uterine contractions have a pattern, increased frequency, duration and intensity. Ruptured membranes Bleeding other than show Decreased foetal movement |
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Positions for Labour |
Walking, standing, leaning, kneeling, on all fours. Helps to change position, relives pain. |
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What is monitored during labour |
Foetal heart rate FHR Amniotic fluid- colour, amount, odour. Contractions Progress of labour Maternal response to labour- TPR BP, urinalysis. |
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Pain relief in labour |
Breathing, massage, tens machine, heat, epidural. |
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Danger signs for postnatal women |
Excessive vaginal bleeding- with clots Offensive odour of vaginal discharge Uterine tenderness Elevated temperature Tender painful reddened breasts Pain on urination Localised pain, swelling, redness in calf of leg (DVT) Overwhelming anxiety or depression |
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Layers of uterus |
Perimetium- outer layerMyometrium- muscular layerEndometrium) |
