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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nervous system |
CNS- brain and spinal cord- diencephalon- thalamus and hypothalamus PNS Somatic Autonomic -involuntary- Sympathetic Parasympathitc |
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neurons and synaptic transmission |
Sensory, relay, motor Inhibitory/excitatory post synaptic potential IPSP Vesicles bind with membrane Neurotransmitters cause summation Re-uptake |
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Endocrine system |
Hypothalamus- producing hormone- pituitary- stimulating hormone- target cells Evidence- cushings disease- tumour in pituitary causes too much ATCH so adrenal makes cortisol |
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Endocrine glands |
Pituitary- anterior ACTH, LH, FSH posterior- oxytocin Adrenal- cortex- cortisol Medulla- adrenaline, noradrenaline Ovaries- progesterone- Manner and Miller- social opportunities |
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Fight or flight |
Amygdala- hypothalamus- stress signal Sudden- SAM sympathetic- adrenal medulla, adrenaline Ongoing- HPA Hypothalamus,CRH, pituitary, ACTH, adrenal cortex, cortisol |
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Evaluation of fight or flight |
Taylor- tend and befriend Negative consequences in modern life- immune suppression Gray- freeze is the first stage Van Dawans- cooperative social humans Lee and Harley- sry gene in men promotes aggression |
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Localisation |
Visual- occipital Auditory- temporal- cochlea- brainstem- thalamus Motor cortex- voluntary frontal pre gyrus Somatosensory- sensory events parietal post central gyrus Broca- produce language left- Tan Fedorenko- language and cognitive tasks Wernickes- understanding language |
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Evaluation of localisation |
Lashley- equipotentiality- intact areas can take over other parts Communication is more important Support from aphasia studies Dronkers- language not just in Broca's Harasty- women have larger language centres |
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Lateralisation |
Processes specialised to a hemisphere Left language and speech right visual and motor tasks Corpus Callosum Sperry and Gazzaniga- split brain Picture shown to left eye can't speak what they saw |
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Evaluation of lateralisation |
Rogers- efficiency Morfit and Weeks- left hand immune defects szaflarsk- lateralisation changes with age JW could speak from right side Andrewes- too many confounding variables from split brain research |
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Plasticity and functional recovery |
Plasticity- brain changes and adapts Boyke- 60 year olds taught to juggle Kuhn- playing games increased grey matter Davidson- meditation gamma waves to coordinate neurone activity Functional recovery- Wall- neural unmasking dormant synapses Stem cells |
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Evaluation of plasticity and functional recovery |
Kemperman- rats in enriched environments Maguire- taxi drivers increased grey matter in hippocampus Tajiri- stem cells formed neurones Elbert- functional recovery better in children Schneider- college education 7x more likely to be disability free |
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Studying the brain |
Post mortem fMRI- blood and oxygen EEG- electroencephalogram- measure electrical activity waves ERP- small voltage changes. Stimulus or cognitive |
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Circadian rhythms |
24 hours SCN- internal body clock in hypothalamus Light sensitive cells in the eyes Free running Sleep wake cycle Temp drop when we need to sleep Melatonin encourages sleep Michel Siffre- 24 hours |
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Evaluation of circadian rhythms |
Chronotherapeutics Artificial light- Czisler could alter rhythms Duffy- morning people individual differences Hughes- importance of light- Antarctic Buhr- SCN uses light to set temperate |
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Ultradian and infradian |
Ultradian- below 24 hours sleep stages 4x NREM, REM- EEG of awake Kleitman- BRAC- coffee breaks Infradian- more than 24 hours Testosterone higher at weekends Menstrual cycle- high oestrogen for ovulation Annual- S.A.D Trudeau- death rate highest in january |
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Evaluation of ultradian and infradian rhythms |
Tucker- individual differences in sleep stages Ericsson- support for BRAC- violinists Penton voak- different mate choices across menstrual cycle Vance- lunar rhythms and mental health |
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Endogenous pacemakers and exogenous Zeitgebers |
Endogneous- SCN in hypothalamus Pineal gland triggered by SCN to produce melatonin Exogenous- set body clock light- melanopsin sensitive to light Social cues- Aschoff- meal times |
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Evaluation of endogenous pacemakers and exogenous zeitgebers |
Endogenous Morgan- abnormal SCN put into mice foulard- rhythms out of sync- core temp 24 hours, sleep wake 30 hours Exogenous Burgess- Light exposure to avoid jet lag proves it sets time Skene and Arendt- melanopsin in blind people Vetter- light is dominant blue light had more of an effect |
