Biology Unit 4 (2)

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Smooth ER

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Manufacture of lipids

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Smooth ER in muscle cells

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Stores intracellular calcium and releases it for muscle contraction

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Smooth ER in liver

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Contains enzymes that break down lipids soluble toxins. AKA detoxifying enzymes. And convert them to a form that can be excreted by the body

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Rough ER

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Is covered with numerous ribosomes. Makes proteins that need to go to a specific destination

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Golgi complex (aka golgi apparatus)

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Ogligosaccharides to proteins by Golgi enzymes

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Oligosaccharides

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Branched carbohydrate structures that modify proteins

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Glycoproteins

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Proteins Modified by oligosaccharides

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Transport vesicles

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Membrane enclosed compartments that ship proteins to and from the Golgi apparatus

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Lysosomes and peroxisomes

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Both organelles are involved with the degradation or breakdown of different types of macromolecules

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Peroxisomes

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Chemical reactions that generate potentially harmful substances are isolated in here to prevent damage to the cell

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Lysosomes

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Contain hydrolase enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions to break down a wide variety of biological macromolecules

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Hydrolase

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Enzyme in lysosome that break down covalent bonds holding the monomers subunits of macromolecules, making the monomers available for reuse by cell

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Mitochondria

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Present in all eukaryotic cells the site of energy transformation known as aerobic cellular respiration

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Mitochondrial Matrix

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The second compartment. It contains mitochondria DNA and ribosomes

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Aerobic cellular respiration

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In mitochondria. Completes breakdown of macromolecules like sugar, proteins, and fats using the energy to synthesize ATP

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Chloroplasts

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Found in plant cells and carry out photosynthesis

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Vacuole

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Barge, water filled. Provide structural rigidity. General term to refer to eukaryotic cellular compartments

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Storage vacuoles

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In plant cells for specific organic compounds and ions

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Turgor pressure

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The internal structural rigidity that vacuoles provide

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Food vacuole

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An intracellular compartment formed by phagocytosis

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Vacuoles in protists

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Regulate osmotic pressure and cell by taking on excess water from cytoplasm and expelling it from the cell

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Tight junctions and anchoring Junctions

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Keep cells together to form specialized tissues in multicellular organisms

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Gap Junctions

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Pores in animals

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Plasmodesmata

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Pores in plants

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Cilia

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Shorter than flagella. Extracellular structure that allows cell to move in environment. And animals most are used to spread extracellular materials across surfaces. Like mucus lining a respiratory system. And all other cell types nonmobile cilia are important for sensory receptions

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Flagella

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Found on sperm

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Cytoskeletal proteins

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Responsible for the separation and movement of copied chromosomes. A vast network of long fibers. Three main classes. Maintain cell shape and provide structural support to the cell

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Microtubules

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Largest cytoskeletal fibers. Hollow cylinders formed by thousands of individual tubulin proteins. Critical for directed transport of material within cells

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Motor proteins

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Transport proteins that bind to Cellular cargos and walk them down the microtubules to their destination

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Microfilaments

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Thinnest cytoskeletal fibers made up of Twisted strands of actin proteins. Responsible for a dynamic shape changes exhibited by some cell types example muscles

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Intermediate filaments

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Between microtubules and microfilaments in size

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Electron microscope

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Focuses a beam of electrons through a specimen onto its surface

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Scanning electron microscope

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Used to study the detailed architecture of cells surfaces. Surface is covered with gold

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Transmission electron microscope

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To study internal cell structure. Section is stained with atoms of heavy metals

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Cytosol

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Makes up the jelly liquid in cytoplasm

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Cellular metabolism

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Chemical reactions in cells

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Chromatin

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a complex of proteins and DNA in the nucleus

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Stroma

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Thick fluid inside chloroplast. Contain chloroplast DNA and ribosomes and enzymes

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Thylakoids

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A network of interconnected sacs in the chloroplast. Solar panels

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Granum

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A stack of thylakoids

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Endosymbiotic Theory

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Mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that lived within larger cells

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Integrins

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Proteins on the membrane that the ECM attaches to

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Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

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Elaborate layer that helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports the membrane

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Plasmodesmata

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Channels that connect adjacent plant cells

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Tight junctions

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In animal cells prevent leakage of fluid across a layer of cells

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Anchoring Junctions

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In animal cells fasten cells together in strong sheets

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Gap Junctions

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Aki communicating Junctions. Channels that allows small molecules to flow through protein lined pores between cells and animal cells

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When did life first arise on Earth?

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3.8 billion years ago

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How old are the oldest fossils

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3.5 billion years

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What types of cells early life?

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Strictly prokaryote

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Environment in early life?

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No oxygen. Ammonia, molecular hydrogen, and hydrogen sulfide

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What species started photosynthesis?

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Cyanobacteria

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Stromatolites

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Layered rocks that huge mats of early organisms made. They are still here today

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Anaerobic organisms

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Cells that cannot live with oxygen present

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What caused the first mass extinction?

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The cyanobacteria produce oxygen increasingly with photosynthesis, killing anaerobic cells

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How did some anaerobic cells survive?

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Lived in oxygen lacking environments. Swampy marshes, soil

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Aerobic organisms

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Have mutations that allow them to break down toxic byproducts of oxygen

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Symbiosis

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A mutually beneficial relationship between two living organisms

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Endosymbiosis

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One cell lives in a host cell and both benefit

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Binary fission

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The process by which prokaryotes divide

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Why are cells small?

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It would take too long to divide if they were bigger. The interior volume would grow at a faster rate than the membrane

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Macro-evolution

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Evolutionary change above the species level

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The four eons of geological time

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Hadean, archaean, proterozoic, and phanerozoic

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GOOD JOB YOU ARE DONE!

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YAY