Biology Semester 1 Final

Front 1

Founder Effect

Back 1

when a genetically distinct local population is established because a few organisms carry alleles that differ from the original population

Front 2

genetic bottleneck

Back 2

genetic drift when there is a major reduction in the population size due to a "chance" event & that reduces the genetic diversity for generations

Front 3

intraspecific hybrid

Back 3

organisms produced by controlled breeding of separate varieties of the same species

Front 4

interspecfic hybrid

Back 4

hybrids between 2 different species

Front 5

selecting agents

Back 5

environmental factors that affect survival by favoring certain characteristics

Front 6

geographic isolation

Back 6

when part a species becomes separate from the rest of the species by geographic distance

Front 7

reproductive or genetic isolating mechanism

Back 7

mechanisms that prevent mating between 2 different species

Front 8

habitat preference or ecological isolating mechanism

Back 8

when 2 species dont mate bc they live in different species

Front 9

seasonal isolating mechanism

Back 9

when species dont mate bc they are fertile at different times

Front 10

behavioral isolating mechanism

Back 10

when behaviors patterns prevent mating between species

Front 11

mechanical or morphological isolating mechanisms

Back 11

when organisms cant mate due to differences in structure

Front 12

biochemical isolating mechanisms

Back 12

when a molecular incompatibility prevents successful mating

Front 13

divergent evolution

Back 13

when individual speciation events branches in the evolution of a group of organisms

Front 14

adaptive radiation

Back 14

pattern when a rapid increase in the # of kinds of closely related species emerges

Front 15

convergent evolution

Back 15

pattern involving the development of similar traits organisms of widely different evolutionary backgrounds

Front 16

nitrifying bacteria

Back 16

soil bacteria that converts ammonia to nitrate which is then converted to nitrate

Front 17

denitrifying bacteria

Back 17

soil bacteria that converts nitrite to nitrogen gas (N2) for the atomsphere

Front 18

competitive exclusion principle

Back 18

no 2 species can occupy the same niche at the same time

Front 19

extrinsic limiting factors

Back 19

things outside the population that limit growth

Front 20

intrinsic limiting factors

Back 20

things within the population that limit growth

Front 21

density dependent limiting factors

Back 21

factors that become more efficient as the population grows

Front 22

density independent limiting facors

Back 22

population controlling factors unrelated to population size

Front 23

ethology

Back 23

study of an animal in its environment

Front 24

imprinting

Back 24

learning when a young animal is primed to learn a behavior in a short period during a specific time (critical period)

Front 25

insight

Back 25

learning when a past experience is reorganized to solve a new problem

Front 26

Metabolic processes include such things as nutrient____, nutrient_____ & waste_____elimination

Back 26

intake, processing, and elimination

Front 27

responsive processes

Back 27

am organisms change in accordance to its environment, how it changes from season to season, and over time the population changes

Front 28

5 levels of biological organization largest to smallest

Back 28

organism-organ structure-organs-tissues-cells

Front 29

3 categories of responsive processes

Back 29

irritablilty, individual adaption, evolution

Front 30

2 control processes plus an example

Back 30

coordination= everything happens in the right order ex: you eat and then you release digestive enzymes

regulation= processes happen at the correct rate ex: heart rate shouldnt be too fast or slow

Front 31

2 generative processes

Back 31

individual growth- 1 organism changing size (ex height, weight)

species growth- from reproduction making more organisms

Front 32

why is it impossible to remove recessive alleles from a population

Back 32

bc often recessive alleles arent visible and you cant choose against you cant see.

Front 33

why is reduced genetic diversity a bad thing when dealing with our food

Back 33

bc if all of the corn in a field is exactly the same 1 weather event or disease could wipe out the entire crop and we would lose all of that type of corn

Front 34

why dont acquired traits affect natural selection

Back 34

acquired traits are not passed on to offspring like genetic traits are.

Front 35

when is an organism considered successful reproduction wise

Back 35

when it has given birth to enough offspring to replace it.

Front 36

macroevolution

Back 36

when there are major differences occurring over long period with much change and the formation of a new species

Front 37

the 5 conditions needed for hardy-Weinberg to work

Back 37

no mutations, no migration, infinite population, random mating, and all genes have to have an equal chance of passing on

Front 38

modern concept of evolution

Back 38

due to over-reproduction we have more organisms than can survive

due to sex, migration, & mutation we are all unique

bc there are limited resources competition and selecting agents we struggle to survive

those with better traits survive and reproduce

better traits become more common

Front 39

directional selection

Back 39

when organisms at 1 extreme of the range of a trait consistently selected for

Front 40

disruptive selection

Back 40

when both extremes of a range for a trait are selected for and the intermediate traits is selected against

Front 41

a genetic isolating mechanism prevents mating between_______

Back 41

different species of organisms

Front 42

biochemical isolation

Back 42

chemicals on a male chimps sperm will not allow it to fertilize a female sapiens egg

Front 43

behavioral isolation

Back 43

the croaking noise of a male bullfrog will not attract a female tree frog bc they are in a different species

Front 44

seasonal isolation

Back 44

a mum that blooms in fall can not mate with a rose that blooms in summer because they are fertile at different times

Front 45

mechanical isolation

Back 45

a house cat and a lion do not psychically fit together therefore they can not mate

Front 46

habitat preference

Back 46

a desert frog can not mate with a tree frog because they live in different habitats

Front 47

hybrid inviability

Back 47

a horse and donkey can mate but their baby, a mule is sterile

Front 48

gradualism

Back 48

very small but continuous changes that build over a very long time how people gradually lost hair little by little over time

Front 49

punctuated equilibruim

Back 49

lots of changes over a short period followed by possible long periods with no changes at all

Front 50

there are 2 processes and 1 set of organisms that drive all cycles in ecology what are they?

Back 50

processes: photosynthesis & respiration

organism: decomposers

Front 51

3 biotic and 3 abiotic factors

Back 51

abiotic: rocks, wind, soil,

biotic: bacteria, plants, animals &/or people

Front 52

5 basic levels of ecological organization

Back 52

individual-specie-population-community-ecosystem

Front 53

differentiate between the 1st&2nd laws of thermodynamics

Back 53

1st: energy is not created nor destroyed but may changes forms

2nd: as energy changes forms about 90% is lost as heat

Front 54

symbiosis when both organisms benefit

Back 54

mutualism

Front 55

symbiosis when both organisms are harmed

Back 55

competition

Front 56

symbiosis when 1 is helped and the other is unaffected

Back 56

commensalism

Front 57

symbiosis when 1 hunts,kills, and eats the other

Back 57

predation

Front 58

symbiosis when 1 lives on the other deriving nutrients from it

Back 58

parasitism