Biology Final- First Semester

Front 1

Biogenesis

Back 1

Biogenesis is the production of new living organisms or organelles

Front 2

Who created the law of biogenesis?

Back 2

The law of biogenesis, attributed to Louis Pasteur, is the observation that living things come only from other living things, by reproduction (e.g. a spider lays eggs, which develop into spiders).

Front 3

Spontaneous Generation

Back 3

the supposed production of living organisms from nonliving matter

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What is biology?

Back 4

The study of life using the Scientific Method

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What are the two parts of the scientific method?

Back 5

Collecting data (observing) and creating descriptions of reality (models).

Front 6

What are the requirements for a scientific model?

Back 6

Consistent data, no better model, or provides a useful way of thinking about our universe.

Front 7

What are the five characteristics of life?

Back 7

1. (Cellular) Organization

2. Responsive to the Environment

3. Adapt and Evolve

4. Reproduction

5. Grow and Develop

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Ecosystem

Back 8

Community of organisms(biotic) that live in a particular area, along with their nonliving (abiotic) surroundings

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Community

Back 9

Group of interacting populations of different species that live together in an area

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Biotic

Back 10

Living (part of an ecosystem)

Front 11

Population

Back 11

Group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place at a certain time

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Abiotic

Back 12

Nonliving (part of an ecosystem)

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Species

Back 13

Group of organisms that are able to produce fertile young and share common genes to resemble each other

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What is the lowest level of ecological organization?

Back 14

Organism

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Organism

Back 15

One individual living thing

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How do you write a hypothesis?

Back 16

If... Then... Because...

Front 17

Microscope- Stage

Back 17

Part of the microscope that supports the slide

Front 18

Microscope- Cover Slip

Back 18

Small piece that is used to cover a water drop on a slide

Front 19

Microscope- Slide

Back 19

Small glass plate on which specimen are paced for viewing

Front 20

Microscope- Power

Back 20

The degree of magnication for a lens

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Microscope- Eyepiece

Back 21

Allows you to view the image. Contains the ocular lens

Front 22

Microscope- Nosepiece

Back 22

Holds the objective lenses. Able to rotate to change magnification

Front 23

Microscope- Objective Lens

Back 23

Found on the nosepiece. Range from high to low power.

Front 24

Microscope- Stage Clips

Back 24

These are used to hold a slide in place on the stage

Front 25

Microscope- Light Source

Back 25

Sends light upwards through the diaphragm to light up the specimen.

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Microscope- Arm

Back 26

Part on the side of a microscope that is used to support it when it is carried

Front 27

Microscope- Coarse Adjustment Knob

Back 27

Moves the stage up and down

Front 28

Microscope- Fine Adjustment Knob

Back 28

Moves the stage slightly to help you "fine" tune your view

Front 29

Microscope- Diaphragm

Back 29

Helps you to adjust the amount of light that reaches the specimen

Front 30

Microscope- Base

Back 30

The bottom part of the microscope

Front 31

What are elements?

Back 31

Substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions.

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What are compounds?

Back 32

Two or more elements chemically combined.

Front 33

Name two structures of compounds

Back 33

Inorganic compounds

Organic compounds

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Inorganic Compounds

Back 34

Small simple non-carbon containing substances.Examples: water, many simple acids and bases, and simple salts.

Front 35

Organic Compounds

Back 35

Carbon-containing compounds that are generally large and complex. Present in living things.

Front 36

What information does the periodic table provide?

Back 36

Elements name

Symbol

Atomic number

Atomic mass

Front 37

How are the elements on the periodic table arranged?

Back 37

By order of the atomic number

Front 38

What are the most common elements among living things?

Back 38

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Front 39

What is an atom?

Back 39

Building blocks of matter.Smallest portion of an element that retains its chemical properties.

Front 40

What is the structure of the atom?

Back 40

Nucleus (Protons - postitive charged particlesNeutrons - no charge) and electron cloud (electrons - negative charged particles)

Front 41

How do you determine the number of subatomic particles per element?

Back 41

Protons = atomic number

Electrons = number of protons

Neutrons = atomic mass minus atomic numberProtons + Neutrons = atomic mass

Front 42

What are the three types of chemical bonds?

Back 42

Covalent bond

Ionic bond

Hydrogen bond

Front 43

Covalent Bond

Back 43

Chemical bond involved in the sharing of electrons.

Front 44

Ionic Bond

Back 44

Chemical bond involved in the transfer of electrons

Front 45

Hydrogen Bond

Back 45

A weak attractive force existing between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom with a partial negative change.

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Base

Back 46

Compounds that forms hydroxide ions.

Front 47

Acid

Back 47

Compound that forms hydrogen ions.

Front 48

pH Scale

Back 48

Measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution. Ranges 0-14, 7 is neutral, 0-6 is acidic, and 8-14 is a base

Front 49

Cell

Back 49

Simplest unit of living matter that can maintain life and reproduce itself (made up of organelles)

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Organ

Back 50

An organization of several different kinds of tissues so arranged that together they can perform a special function

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Tissue

Back 51

An organization of a great many similar cells and varying amounts and kinds of non living, intercellular substances between them

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Organ System

Back 52

An organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that together they can perform complex functions for the body

Front 53

What are the molecules that all living things are made up of?

Back 53

1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Proteins

4. Nucleic Acids

Front 54

Polymer

Back 54

Long molecules made up of many similar building blocks (monomers)

Front 55

Monomer

Back 55

Small building blocks to make polymers

Front 56

Examples of Polymers

Back 56

1. Carbohydrates

2. Proteins

3. Nucleic Acids

Front 57

What are the monomers for carbohydrates?

Back 57

Monosaccarides (simple sugars- glucose, fructose, and galactose)

Front 58

What are the monomers for lipids?

Back 58

Glycerol and fatty acids

Front 59

What are the monomers for proteins?

Back 59

Amino Acids

Front 60

What are the monomers for nucleic acids?

Back 60

Nucleotides

Front 61

When does dehydration occur?

Back 61

During the synthesis of a polymer, two monomers bond through the loss of a water molecule

Front 62

When does hydrolysis occur?

Back 62

During the breakdown of a polymer, a water molecule is reattached.

Front 63

What are polysaccharides and their function?

Back 63

Carbohydrate macromolecules made of many sugar monomers

Storage and structure

(ex: starch, cellulose, and glycogen)

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What are disaccharides?

Back 64

Two joined monosaccharides (macros, sucrose, lactose)

Front 65

What are the pyrimidines?

Back 65

Cytosine

Thymine (T in DNA)

Uracil (R in RNA)

Front 66

What are the purines?

Back 66

Guanine

Adenine

Front 67

What do nucleotides consist of?

Back 67

1. Nitrogenous base

2. Pentose sugar

3. Phosphate group

Front 68

Producers

Back 68

An organism that can make its own food

Front 69

Consumers

Back 69

An organism that gets energy by eating other organisms

Front 70

Herbivores

Back 70

Consumers that eat only plants

Front 71

Carnivore

Back 71

Consumers that eat only meats

Front 72

Omnivores

Back 72

Consumers that eat both plants and animals

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Decomposers

Back 73

An organism that gets its energy by eating wastes and dead organisms (examples are mushrooms and bacteria) raw material is returned to the ecosystem

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Food Chain

Back 74

Shows a series of organisms that eat other organisms

Front 75

Who is the first organism in a food chain?

Back 75

Producers

Front 76

What is the organism that eats the producer?

Back 76

First level consumer

Front 77

What is the organism that eats the first level consumer?

Back 77

Secondary consumer

Front 78

Which level of the energy pyramid has the most energy?

Back 78

The first level

Front 79

Tertiary Consumer

Back 79

Animal that eats secondary consumers

Front 80

Ecological Succession

Back 80

A regular pattern of change over time in the types of species in a community

Front 81

What causes succession?

Back 81

Serious disturbances

ex: volcanoes, windstorms, fire, anthropogenic

Front 82

What are the two types of succession?

Back 82

Primary

Secondary

Front 83

What do plants complete for?

Back 83

1. Sunlight

2. Space

3. Water

4. Nutrients

Front 84

What are the 5 steps of succession?

Back 84

1. Annual Plants- grasses and weeds quickly move in (1 year)

2. Perennial weeds and grasses (2-3 years)

3. Shrubs and small trees (3-10 years)

4. Young pine forest (20 years)

5. Mature hardwood forest oak (150 years, Climax community)

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Pioneers

Back 85

The first organism to colonize any newly available area and start the process of succession; they grow rapidly and produce many seeds.

Front 86

Primary Succession

Back 86

Succession that occurs on surface where no ecosystem existed before.Ex: Volcanic Eruption, glacial retreats, urban areas.

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Lichens

Back 87

Composed of fungus and algae

Front 88

Symbiotic Relationship

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Close, long term relationship

Front 89

Mutualistic Relationship

Back 89

Animals living with a mutually beneficial association

Front 90

Is a sidewalk with plants growing in it considered primary or secondary succession?

Back 90

Primary

Front 91

Is an abandoned farmers field considered primary or secondary succession?

Back 91

Secondary

Front 92

Secondary Succession

Back 92

Succession that occurs on a surface where an ecosystem has perviously existedex. mt. st. helens

Front 93

Which is faster: primary or secondary succession?

Back 93

Primary. Secondary succession is faster than primary succession because soil is already there and the soil usually contains many nutrients.

Front 94

Tundra

Back 94

Very cold and dry biome located in the Northern hemisphere that has very little vegetation

Front 95

Boreal Forest

Back 95

A forested biome found in the far north that has a climate that is below freezing for half the year and is full of coniferous trees

Front 96

Temperate Deciduous Forest

Back 96

A forested biome found in Temperate climates that has four very distinct seasons

Front 97

Temperate Rainforest

Back 97

A forested biome found along coastlines that is very cool and wet with very tall trees

Front 98

Grassland

Back 98

A biome that can be in both temperate and tropical climates and is covered in deep rooted grasses that are well adapted to drought

Front 99

Tropical Rainforest

Back 99

Found around the equator and has a wet and warm climate year round allowing for the growth of a dense canopy of tall trees

Front 100

Desert

Back 100

Occurs in both temperate and tropical reigions with hot days and cold nights. Rainfall is minimal in this biome and the plants and animals are adapted to reduce water loss

Front 101

Biome

Back 101

Large reigions that have similar biotic and abiotic components

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Savannah

Back 102

Biome characterized by grasses and scattered trees in climates that receive less precipitation than some other tropical areas; occur in Africa, South America, and Australia

Front 103

Temperate Woodlands (Chaparral)

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A scrubland biome of dense, spiny evergreen shrubs found at midlatitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore; characterized by mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers.

Front 104

Temperate Grassland

Back 104

A grassland biome with scattered individual trees, large herbivores, summers are hot, winters are cold, moderate ranfall; maintained by occasional fires and drought

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Cell

Back 105

A membrane bound structure that is the basic unit of life

Front 106

Cell Membrane

Back 106

The lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of the cell

Front 107

Cell Theory

Back 107

This says that all living things are made of cells, that cells are the basic unit of structure and function and that cells only come from other cells

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Cell Wall

Back 108

A rigid structure that surrounds the cells of plants and most bacteria

Front 109

Chloroplast

Back 109

A rigid structure that surrounds the cells of plants and most bacteria

Front 110

Cytoplasm

Back 110

The region of the cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus

Front 111

Cytoskeleton

Back 111

A network of long protein strands in the cytosol that helps support the cell

Front 112

Eukaryote

Back 112

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Front 113

Golgi Apparatus

Back 113

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

Front 114

Lysosome

Back 114

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

Front 115

Mitochondria

Back 115

Powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar(Cellular respiration)

Front 116

Nuclear Envelope

Back 116

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell

Front 117

Nucleolus

Back 117

The organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially assembled, located in the nucleus

Front 118

Nucleus

Back 118

The organelle that contains the DNA and controls the processes of the cell

Front 119

Organelle

Back 119

One of several bodies with a specialized function that is suspended in the cytosol of the cell

Front 120

Ribosome

Back 120

An organelle that functions in the synthesis of proteins

Front 121

Prokaryote

Back 121

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Front 122

Vacuole

Back 122

Stores water and nutrients for the cell; very large in plant cells

Front 123

Vesicle

Back 123

A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell.

Front 124

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 124

An internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed

Front 125

Rough ER

Back 125

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes.

Front 126

Smooth ER

Back 126

That portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes.

Front 127

Flagella

Back 127

Whiplike tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement

Front 128

Pili

Back 128

Allow prokaryotes to attach to surfaces and to each other and allows them to transfer DNA.

Front 129

Diffusion

Back 129

Movement of molecules from a higher to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

Front 130

What are the two types of Diffusion?

Back 130

Facilitated Diffusion Simple Diffusion

Front 131

What happens in Simple Diffusion?

Back 131

Small molecules are able to move through gaps between the phospholipid molecules in membranes

Front 132

What happens in Facilitated Diffusion?

Back 132

They pass through carrier or channel proteins in the membrane, and their movement is facilitated by a protein. Molecules moving DOWN their concentration gradient

Front 133

Which molecules pass through Simple Diffusion?

Back 133

Small molecules. O2, CO2, H2O

Front 134

Which molecules pass through facilitated Diffusion?

Back 134

Large Polar Molecules. such as glucose, amino acids and nucleotides.

Front 135

Osmosis

Back 135

The passive movement of water molecules from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration through a semi-permeable membrane

Front 136

Turgid

Back 136

A plant cell has taken in the maximum amount of water

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Hypertonic

Back 137

Low water potential

Front 138

Isotonic

Back 138

Equal on both sides

Front 139

Hypotonic

Back 139

High water potential

Front 140

Active Transport

Back 140

This is an energy requiring process in which there is movement of molecules or ions AGAINST a concentration gradient, from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration

Front 141

Where is the only place active transport can occur?

Back 141

In living tissue where energy from the ATP is present

Front 142

Passive Transport

Back 142

The movement of a substance across a membrane WITH the concentration gradient