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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is mitosis?
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somatic cell division; nuclear division which the duplicated chromosomes separate to form two genetically identical daughter cells
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What is Meiosis?
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reductive division that converts a diploid cell into 4 haploid cells, each with one complete set of chromosomes
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Define Haploid
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having only one set of chromosomes (n) in contrast to diploid (2n)
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Define Diploid
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having two sets of chromosomes (2n); in animals, twice the number characteristic of gametes; in plants, the chromosome number characteristic of the sporophyte generation; in contrast to haploid (n)
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Define Chromosome
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vehicle by which heredity information is physically transmitted from one generation to the next
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Define Chromatin
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complex DNA and proteins of which eukaryotic chromosomes are composed; chromatin is highly uncoiled and diffuse in interphase nucei, condensing to form the visible chromosomes in prophase
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Define Chromatids
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one of the two daughter strand of a duplicated chromosome that is joined by a single centromere
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Define Homologous Pairs
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pair of the same kind of chromosome in a diploid cell
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Define DNA Replication
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semiconservative resulting in two identical DNA molecules, each of which is composed of one original strand and one new strand
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Define Cell Division (Cytokinesis)
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division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division
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Define Independent Assortment
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in a dihybrid cross, describes the random assortment of alleles for each of the genes. For genes on different chromosomes this results from the random orientations of different homologous pairs during metaphase I of meiosis. For genes on the same chromosome, this occurs when the two loci are far enough apart for roughly equal numbers of odd- and even- numbered multiple crossover events
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Define crossing over
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in meiosis, the exchange of corresponding chromatid segments between homologous chromosomes; responsible for genetic recombination between homologous chromosomes
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What is epistasis?
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interaction between two nonallelic genes in which one of them modifies the phenotypic expression of the other
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What are sex-linked inheritance?
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a trait determined by a gene carried on the X chromosome and absent on the Y chromosome
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What is embryogenisis?
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cells become specialized and diverge in structure and function as tissues, organs, and organ systems develop
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What percentage of a typical human cell genotype is expressed at any given time?
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3-5%
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How many nucleotide pairs does a typical prokaryote chromosome that consists of circular DNA contain?
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4.3 x 106
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How many nucleotide pairs does a typicla human chromosome contain?
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2 x 108
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What is a Nucleosome?
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Histone Proein Beads that can be thought of as a packing unit of DNA
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Why do telomeres exist?
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help to prevent (or slow) shortening of chromosome tps during DNA replication
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Why do we need to know about viruses?
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Viruses are one of the most interesting and elusive phenomenons on Earth.
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What is a capsid?
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Lipid bi-layer tha can surround viruses
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What is Recombinant DNA?
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DNA that has been redesigned by genetic engineering
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Genetic engineering requires what three compounds?
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-enzymes that cut DNA in specific places
-vectors such as plasmids (bacterial DNA) to transfer DNA -hosts that are appropriate for the recombinant DNA |
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What are restriction enzymes?
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naturally protect bacteria from inadvertent transformation
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What is apoptosis?
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when some cells have programming to die at specific times
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