Biology 1407 (Exam 3)

Front 1

All of an organism's chemical processes

Back 1

Metabolism

Front 2

Maintenance of range

Back 2

Thermoregulation

Front 3

Warm body by absorbing heat from environment (cold blooded)

Back 3

Ectotherms

Front 4

Ectotherm examples

Back 4

most invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles

Front 5

Ectotherms body temp. is usually close to ______

Back 5

The ambient temperature

Front 6

Ectotherms activity levels dependent on

Back 6

The ambient temperature

Front 7

Heat from metabolism (warm blooded)

Back 7

Endotherms

Front 8

Endotherm examples

Back 8

birds and mammals

Front 9

Being endothermic..

Back 9

solves some problems of living on land

Front 10

Endothermy allows...

Back 10

more constant activity level

Front 11

Disadvantages of being endothermic

Back 11

Costs more energy, have to eat more food

Front 12

Endothermic animals also have...

Back 12

complex circulatory and respiratory systems

Front 13

Controlling/adjusting heat exchange between animal and enviornment

Back 13

Thermoregulation

Front 14

How is thermoregulation conducted?

Back 14

1. Insulation (fur, feathers, fat)

2. vasodilation (Nervous system tells muscles of blood vessels near skin to relax, increase blood blow, allows more heat loss, cools body

3. vasoconstriction (conserves body heat by doing opposite)

4. countercurrent heat exchanger (arteries and vins in extremities run close together,k warm blood in arteries warms colder blood returning to body -in birds and marine animals-)

5. cooling by evaporating heat loss (panting, sweating, bathing)

Front 15

Behavioral thermoreg. techniques

Back 15

bathing, basking

Front 16

In terrestrial mamals, thermoreg.l is controlled by

Back 16

feedback mechanisms

Front 17

Brain control center

Back 17

hypothalamus

Front 18

Body temp. is monitored by

Back 18

nerve cells in skin, hypothalamus and other parts

Front 19

When a response to a stimulus turns it off it is a

Back 19

negative feedback

Front 20

When temp. increases above normal, cooling mechanisms are turned on including...

Back 20

vasodilation, sweat glands, evaporative cooling

Front 21

When body reaches normal range...

Back 21

cooling/warming mechanisms are turned off

Front 22

When temp. is below norm, warming mech. are turned on including...

Back 22

vasoconstriction, less heat loss to radiation and more warm blood kept in deep tissues, shivering, hormone produced warmth

Front 23

Shivering is done..

Back 23

by skeletal muscles to generate heat

Front 24

Acclimatization (another way to keep norm. temp. range)

Back 24

Takes over several days or weeks, requires changes in thermoreg. mech., and changes in cells (different enzymes are produced with dif. temp. ranges)

Front 25

Torpor (way to keep normal temp. range)

Back 25

Used to survive periods of extreme temps. or lack of food, is an alternative physiological state, metabolism heart rate and respiration slow down

Front 26

Examples of torpor

Back 26

Hibernation (allows animal to survive cold and lack of food in winter)

Estivation (allows animal to survive high temps and lack of water in summer)

Front 27

Some animals go into torpor daily/nightly

Why? Examples?

Back 27

Must because metabolic rate is so high that they can not survive periods of inactivity when not feeding (bats-feed at night, torpor in day) (humming birds- feed in day, torpor at night)

Front 28

Water balance and waste disposal depend on

Back 28

Transport epithelial tissue (usually a single layer of cells, channels leading to exterior, function depends on composition of cell membranes)

Front 29

Nitrogenous wastes

1. Animals produce...

2. Why?

3. This is a ... waste product

4. It is

Back 29

1. Ammonia (NH3)

2. Metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids

3. very toxic

4. Excreted or converted to other compounds for storage and excretion

Front 30

Kinds of nit. wastes

Back 30

1. NH3 (water soluble, diffuses in water, most aquatic animals and fish

2. Urea (produced by liver, combines NH3 with CO2, and transports to kidneys, mch less toxic, more concentrated and requires less water for excretion, can be stored, allows for conservation of H2O)

3. Uric acid (less sol. in H2O, very concentrated and paste like, almost free of H2O, exits through cloaca along with feces

Front 31

The kinds of excr. product depends on

Back 31

ecology and embroyology

Front 32

Types of reproduction

Back 32

Sexual and asexual

Front 33

Asexual repro.

Back 33

Offsprings genes come from one parent (a clone), requires only mitotic division, does not require fertilization

Front 34

Fission

Back 34

Asexual, one animal breaks into two and forms two individuals (by regeneration)

Front 35

Budding

Back 35

Asex, New individual grows out of parental body

Front 36

Specialized Cells

Back 36

Asex, (gambles produced by freshwater sponges, allows survival during adverse conditions

Front 37

Fragmentation

Back 37

Asex, parental body breaks into many pieces and each forms a new ind. by regen.

Front 38

Regeneration can..

Back 38

Replace lost or damaged body parts

Front 39

Advantages of asex repro

Back 39

1. Can reproduce in isolation (no mate required)

2. Many offspring in short time

3. Energetically inexpensive

4. Adventitious in stable enviornments

Front 40

Disadvantages of asex repro

Back 40

Little genetic variation

Front 41

Sexual Repro

Back 41

Produce offspring by fusion of gametes (fertilization)

Front 42

Gametes are

Back 42

Haploid and formed by meiosis

Front 43

Female gamete

Back 43

Ovum (egg)

Front 44

Male gamete

Back 44

Spermatozoan (sperm)- means seed, a motile cell

Front 45

Disadvantages of sex repro

Back 45

1.Energetically expensive

2. Must find mate

3. Ova prod. requires a lot of energy

4. Mating and parental care are energetically expensive

Front 46

Advantages of se xrepro

Back 46

Better in unstable enviorn.

Provides genetic variation