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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define pathogen |
as a disease-causing organism |
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Define transmissible disease |
as a disease in which the pathogen can be passed from one host to another |
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Ways in which transmittable diseases can be transmitted? |
direct contact: -blood -body fluids
indirect contact: -contaminated surfaces or food -animals -air
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State the bodies mechanical defences against diseases |
skin -outer layer if the epidermis acts as a barrier hairs -in the nose help to filter our bacteria breathe in |
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State the bodies chemical barriers to diseases |
stomach acid -acid conditions in stomach destroy most of the bacteria mucus -traps many bacteria |
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State that the body has defences to diseases, cells |
when bacteria get through the mechanical an chemical barriers by white blood cells: -phagocytosis -antibody production |
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How can you enhance the body's defences? |
vaccination |
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How do antibodies destroy/help to destroy pathogens? |
-lock on to antigens, leading to direct destruction of pathogens -mark pathogens for destruction by phagocytes |
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Define active immunity |
as defence against a pathogen by antibody production in the body |
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Explain how each pathogen has its own antigens, which have specific shapes, so specific antibodies which fit the specific shapes of the antigens are needed |
? |
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How do you gain active immunity? |
gained after an infection by a pathogen -some lymphocytes that produced the specific antibodies remain in the lymph nodes for some time and divide rapidly and make more antibodies if the same antigen gets into the body by vaccination |
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Explain the process of vaccination |
-harmless pathogen given which has antigens -antigens trigger an immune response by lymphocytes which produce antibodies -memory cells are produced that give long term immunity |
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Explain the role of vaccination in controlling the spread of diseases |
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What is passive immunity? |
-short-term defence against a pathogen by antibodies acquired from another individual -does not result in the formation of memory cells |
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How do you gain passive immunity? |
-injecting patient with serum from a person who has recovered from the disease -serum is prepared from plasma given by blood donors |
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What is not produced in passive immunity? |
memory cells |
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Explain the importance of passive immunity for breast-fed infants |
-milk contains some of the mother's white blood cells which produce antibodies -providing the baby with protection against infection -baby's immune system not fully developed yet |
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Some disease are caused by the immune system........ and .............. body cells |
some diseases are caused by the immune system targeting an destroying body cells |
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Give an example of a disease that is caused by the immune system targeting an destroying body cells |
type 1 diabetes -due to the inability of islet cells in the pancreas to produce sufficient insulin -body's immune system attacks islet cells that produce insulin |
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Explain the importance of hygienic food preparation in controlling the spread of disease |
-raw meat carries bacteria, which are killed if the meat is adequately cooked -if raw meat is prepared on surface used for other food preparation, the pathogens from the meat can be transferred |
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Explain the importance of good personal hygiene in controlling the spread of disease |
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Explain the importance of waste disposal in controlling the spread of diseases |
-waste from domestic/commercial premises should be stored in dustbins with closely fitted lid -if this is not done pathogens will breed in waste and become a source of disease organisms |
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Explain the importance of sewage treatment in controlling the spread of disease |
-diseases like typhoid and cholera are caused by certain bacteria when they get into the human intestine -faeces passed by people suffering will contain bacteria -if bacteria get into drinking water they may spread the disease to hundreds of people |
